# Jenfitch, Inc. — full site text > Generated 2026-09-26 from https://jenfitch.com. Main content of every live page, in site order. Canonical index: https://jenfitch.com/llms.txt ## Jenfitch, Inc. | Water Treatment Chemistry & ROS Oxidants URL: https://jenfitch.com/ # Advanced Water Treatment Chemistry for Industry, Utilities and Agriculture Smarter. Safer. Sustainable. Jenfitch delivers advanced oxidation and treatment chemistry — including U.S. EPA- and USDA-recognized technologies — that enhance water quality, protect infrastructure, and safeguard public health across utilities, agriculture, food processing, energy, and industry worldwide. Request a Quote View Research Jenfitch, Inc. supplies advanced oxidation and treatment chemistry for utilities, industry, agriculture, food processing, and energy. Its flagship JC 9465 is EPA FIFRA registered and USDA NOP approved, generating reactive oxygen species at a fraction of conventional AOP cost. It disinfects, destroys biofilm above +600 mV ORP, and controls algae, MIC, and zebra mussels. Advanced oxidation chemistry · Approved, certified & independently validated EPA FIFRA Registered USDA Organic Certified NSF/ANSI Standard 60 UC Davis University of Washington Special Pathogen Laboratory Montana State University Sawtooth Ag Research Southern California Edison Goleta Water District Announcement ## Can ROS cost less than traditional AOP? Looking for a low-cost method to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS)? Would you like to use AOP in your plant, but capital expenditures are too high? Jenfitch has developed a new green technology that generates ROS at a fraction of the cost while providing strong disinfection properties. Applications include industrial and municipal water treatment plants, water recycling, wastewater treatment, air and gas scrubber systems, cooling water systems, power generation, agriculture, aquaculture, oil & gas production, hydroponics, and other markets. More about Jenfitch 40+ Years of water-treatment experience EPA + USDA Registered & NOP-approved chemistry 94% Dissolved copper removal in field work <10s Salmonella inactivation on contact Our Flagship Product ## JC 9465 — our flagship disinfectant, proven and approved. JC 9465 is our EPA FIFRA-registered, USDA/NOP-approved disinfectant, built on mineral oxychloride technology. It disinfects, controls biofilm and algae, and safeguards process water — at a fraction of the capital and operating cost — across water treatment, cooling, food safety, and agriculture. EPA FIFRA Registered USDA / NOP Approved - Eliminates salmonella in under 10 seconds of contact. - Destroys biofilm (EPS) at ORP above +600 mV. - Controls algae, MIC, and zebra mussels in cooling systems. - RO pre- and post-treatment against biofouling. See all JC 9465 applications Core Technology ## How does lower contamination inactivate bacteria? Jenfitch is committed to delivering cutting-edge water treatment solutions designed to meet the most demanding environmental and operational challenges — prioritizing sustainability, efficiency, and effectiveness while minimizing cost. - Controls biofilm by oxidizing extra-polymeric substances around pathogens. - Uses ORP as a practical control point for feed-rate management. - Reduces biological regrowth in reverse-osmosis pre- and post-treatment. - Supports disinfection without unwanted residual by-products. Explore the technology By the Numbers ## Proof points from Jenfitch field and lab work. 2.8–2.9 V Oxidation potential — above ozone and chlorine 6-log Pathogen kill in under 10 seconds at target ORP 94% Dissolved copper removal in a municipal field trial +49% Harvestable vineyard yield in a foliar field study Why Mineral Oxychloride ## Can you get ozone-class oxidation without ozone? Jenfitch mineral oxychloride chemistry generates reactive oxygen species with an oxidation potential above ozone and far above chlorine — delivered as a ready-to-use liquid. Oxidation potential of common oxidants (volts). Higher is stronger. Oxidant | Oxidation potential | Notes | Fluorine | 3.06 V | Strongest reference point | Mineral oxychloride (Jenfitch) | 2.8–2.9 V | On par with the hydroxyl radical | Ozone | 2.07 V | Requires a gas-generation system | Chlorine dioxide | 1.57 V | — | Chlorine | 1.36 V | — | Sodium hypochlorite | 0.94 V | ~30-day shelf life | i ### Lower cost, longer shelf life For equivalent oxidation, Jenfitch mineral oxychloride costs less than 1% of a conventional ozone system, ships as a 100% water-soluble ready-to-use liquid, and holds a roughly six-month shelf life — about six times that of sodium hypochlorite. Industries We Serve ## Where does one chemistry apply? ### Municipal & Utilities Drinking water, wastewater, process water, and reuse. Dissolved-metal removal below discharge limits, THM and DBP reduction, ozone-system enhancement, potable clarification, and digester scale control. Explore industry ### Industrial & Cooling Towers Biofilm, algae, scale, corrosion, and Legionella risk controlled with a single ORP-managed program — plus wet-scrubber H₂S and odor control and zebra-mussel management. Explore industry ### Food & Agriculture EPA- and USDA-Organic-approved in-field and post-harvest disinfection, E. coli and Salmonella control, crop-disease programs, higher yields, and shelf-life extension without taste change. Explore industry ### Oil & Gas Stripper-well output gains, H₂S and iron-sulfide elimination, paraffin control, and produced-water treatment with a lasting residual. Explore industry Also serving: wet scrubbers & H₂S control · pools, spas & aquatics · industrial process water Approvals & credentials: EPA FIFRA Registered (JC 9465, 2020) · USDA / NOP Organic Certified (2021, 7 CFR Part 205) · NSF/ANSI Standard 60 (JC 9465 & JC 9450) · USEPA Water Approved How We Help ## What problems does conventional treatment struggle with? Five treatment programs built on the same ORP-controlled chemistry — each one field-proven, each one documented in our technical library. Choose the problem closest to yours. ### Coagulation & Flocculation Coagulants and flocculants for potable, industrial, and wastewater systems — improving liquid-solid separation, sludge dewatering, TOC reduction, and filter optimization. Learn more about Coagulation & Flocculation ### Organo-Clay Technology Absorption plus liquid-solid separation for oily wastewater and hard-to-treat streams where conventional methods are too costly or technically limited. Learn more about Organo-Clay Technology ### Mineral Oxychloride Technology A chemical AOP approach that releases oxidative energy greater than ozone while reducing capital cost, complexity, and operating burden. Learn more about Mineral Oxychloride Technology ### Struvite & Vivianite Control Prevent, control, and remove struvite or vivianite in digesters, overflow lines, and dewatering systems by modifying chemical structure. Learn more about Struvite & Vivianite Control ### Metal Removal Lower dissolved copper and zinc, convert hexavalent chrome to trivalent chrome, and remove or lower other heavy metals in wastewater. Learn more about Metal Removal ### Custom Consulting Water analysis, treatment design, and chemistry selection for municipalities, manufacturers, farms, food processors, and industrial operators. Request help Applications ## Which programs fit reuse and food safety? ### In-field & post-harvest disinfection JC 9465 creates an ORP-controlled disinfection barrier for field harvesting and post-harvest operations. ### Control E. coli & salmonella Rapid pathogen inactivation for food products, produce handling, and process water. ### Reduce mold & mildew Oxidative energy penetrates mold and mildew without leaving residue on treated surfaces. ### Extend shelf life Reducing spoilage bacteria and mold supports cleaner produce handling and longer product life. Research Library ## Technical resources for evaluating Jenfitch programs. ### Municipal & Industrial Copper removal, ozone-system field study, Goleta pilot, biocide, EPA labels, and more. ### Cooling Towers & Scrubbers Biofilm and MIC control, wet scrubber applications, Legionella, and zebra mussels. ### Oil & Gas Mineral oxychloride in oil & gas, stripper-well output, and process biofilm control. ### ORP Chart & Charts Free chlorine vs ORP/mV vs pH, JC 9465 vs ozone comparison, and tech sheets. Frequently Asked Questions ## Clear answers for buyers comparing treatment approaches. What are water treatment solutions? Water treatment solutions refer to various technologies and processes used to improve water quality for different applications, including drinking water purification, industrial uses, and wastewater management. These can involve chemical treatment, filtration, and advanced oxidation processes to remove contaminants, inactivate pathogens, and enhance the safety and usability of water. How do industrial water treatment solutions work? Industrial water treatment solutions address specific challenges faced by industries that require large volumes of water, such as manufacturing, agriculture, and energy production. They often combine chemical treatments, filtration systems, and bioremediation techniques to ensure water meets regulatory standards and operational needs. What are wastewater treatment chemicals? Wastewater treatment chemicals are specialized substances used to treat contaminated water from industrial processes, municipal waste, or agricultural runoff. They help break down pollutants, reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD), and eliminate harmful pathogens so treated water meets safety and regulatory standards before discharge or reuse. How can I choose the right water treatment solution? The right solution depends on water quality, specific contaminants, regulatory requirements, and intended use. It's essential to conduct a thorough water analysis and consult with experts. Jenfitch offers tailored consulting services to help you find the best solution for your needs. What is mineral oxychloride technology? It is the liquid chelation of minerals with oxygen. On contact the weakly bound oxygen is released to generate reactive oxygen species, producing an oxidation potential of 2.8–2.9 V — above ozone and far above chlorine — while shipping as a ready-to-use liquid at less than 1% of the cost of a conventional ozone system. Is Jenfitch chemistry approved and certified? Yes. JC 9465 is EPA FIFRA registered (2020) and USDA/NOP Organic certified (2021, 7 CFR Part 205), and Jenfitch chemistry is USEPA water approved. JC 9465 and JC 9450 are NSF/ANSI Standard 60 certified with a maximum use dose of 84 mg/L. FIFRA registration is the federal pathway for antimicrobial products, 7 CFR Part 205 is the USDA National Organic Program rule, and NSF/ANSI 60 covers drinking-water treatment chemicals. JC 9450 and JC 9465 are the same chemistry on different registration paths. --- ## Water Treatment Programs & Solutions | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/how-we-help Home / How We Help # How We Help Advanced chemical treatment solutions for utilities, industry, and agriculture. Explore each program in detail. Jenfitch offers five treatment programs: coagulation and flocculation, organo-clay technology, mineral oxychloride technology, struvite and vivianite control, and metal removal. Where the mineral oxychloride chemistry is used, feed rate is set by oxidation-reduction potential in millivolts, so dosing ties directly to disinfection performance rather than ppm alone. Roughly +600 mV establishes a disinfection barrier. Approved, certified & independently validated EPA FIFRA Registered USDA Organic Certified NSF/ANSI Standard 60 UC Davis University of Washington Special Pathogen Laboratory Montana State University Sawtooth Ag Research GreenAgri Solutions Southern California Edison Goleta Water District The Full Offering ## Five program areas, one ORP-controlled approach. Jenfitch delivers a focused family of treatment programs built to solve the problems conventional chemistry struggles with — from clarifying drinking water to breaking oily emulsions, from destroying biofilm to pulling dissolved metals below discharge limits. Across all five programs, the common thread is precision. Where our mineral oxychloride chemistry is used, feed rate is managed by oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in millivolts, giving operators a real-time control point that ties dosing directly to disinfection performance. ### Coagulation & Flocculation Cationic coagulants (JC 1687) and flocculants neutralize particle charge and bind solids into dense, fast-settling floc — for potable, industrial, and wastewater systems. ### Organo-Clay Technology Organically-modified clay media adsorbs oil, grease, and hydrophobic organics from water — ideal for oily wastewater, produced-water polishing, and membrane pretreatment. ### Mineral Oxychloride Technology A chemical AOP that releases reactive oxygen species with an oxidation potential of 2.8–2.9 V — greater than ozone, at less than 1% of the cost of an ozone system. ### Struvite & Vivianite Control Prevent and control struvite and vivianite scale that fouls digesters, pumps, pipes, and dewatering equipment — protecting equipment and cutting maintenance downtime. ### Metal Removal JC 9830 metal precipitant plus JC 1687 coagulant removed 94% of dissolved copper and about 70% of dissolved zinc in a full-scale municipal trial, and convert hexavalent to trivalent chrome. The ORP-Controlled Approach ## Can you measure dosing and predict results? Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), measured in millivolts, is the practical control tool for our mineral oxychloride chemistry. Rather than dosing by ppm alone, operators hold a target ORP — and because kill efficacy tracks ORP, that target maps directly to disinfection performance. - Roughly +600 mV establishes a disinfection barrier. - +700 mV delivers a 6-log kill in under 10 seconds. - ORP gives a real-time feed-rate control point across processes. - The same chemistry scales from bench study to full plant. See the ORP chart Markets Served ## Where do Jenfitch programs go to work? ### Municipal & Industrial Drinking water clarification, wastewater solids and metals, process water, and water reuse. Learn more ### Cooling Towers & Scrubbers Single-chemical, ORP-controlled control of biofilm, algae, scale, corrosion, and Legionella risk. Learn more ### Oil & Gas H₂S and iron-sulfide control, produced-water treatment, and stripper-well output gains. Learn more ### Agriculture & Food Crop-yield gains, in-field and post-harvest disinfection, and E. coli / Salmonella control. Learn more How an Engagement Works ## How does a bench study reach full scale? ### 1. Bench Study We review your water chemistry, application, and goals, then run a bench study to confirm the right program and dosing — supported by safety data sheets and aquatic-toxicity reports. Learn more ### 2. Pilot We move to a pilot on your system to validate performance under real conditions, dial in ORP targets and feed rates, and quantify results before scaling up. Learn more ### 3. Full-Scale We support full-scale rollout with dosing guidance, SDS and labels, and ongoing technical help — so the program keeps performing after commissioning. Learn more i ### Documentation included Every engagement comes with safety data sheets (SDS), product labels, and aquatic-toxicity reports so your team can evaluate, permit, and operate the program with confidence. 94% Dissolved copper removal in a full-scale municipal trial 6-log Pathogen kill in under 10 seconds at target ORP <1% Of the cost of a conventional ozone system +49% Harvestable vineyard yield in a foliar field study Frequently Asked Questions ## Choosing and running a Jenfitch program. How do I know which program is right for my water? Start with a conversation about your water chemistry, application, and goals. From there we typically run a bench study, then a pilot on your system, to confirm the right chemistry and dosing before full-scale rollout. Reach out for quotes, SDS, and project scoping. What is the ORP-controlled approach? Our mineral oxychloride chemistry is dosed to a target oxidation-reduction potential (measured in millivolts) rather than by ppm alone. Because kill efficacy tracks ORP, holding roughly +600 mV creates a disinfection barrier and +700 mV delivers a 6-log kill in under 10 seconds. Can Jenfitch programs help meet discharge limits? Yes. In a full-scale, year-long municipal trial, a JC 9830 and JC 1687 program removed 94% of dissolved copper and about 70% of dissolved zinc, bringing effluent copper below the discharge limit. JC 9830 is fed to form a dense metal-sulfide precipitate and the cationic coagulant JC 1687 neutralizes particle charge so the solids bind into fast-settling floc. Sulfide precipitation works over a broad pH range and where chelating agents block conventional hydroxide precipitation. Do you provide safety and toxicity documentation? Yes. Engagements include safety data sheets (SDS), product labels, and aquatic-toxicity reports to support evaluation, permitting, and day-to-day operation. Safety data sheets cover handling, storage, and protective equipment. Product labels state the approved uses and directions that govern how a product may be applied. Aquatic-toxicity reports give the receiving-water information permit reviewers commonly ask for. The package is assembled so engineering, safety, and regulatory reviewers can assess a program before it goes into service. How much can mineral oxychloride save versus ozone? For equivalent oxidation, our mineral oxychloride chemistry delivers ozone-class performance at less than 1% of the cost of a conventional ozone system, without the capital expense of dissolving a gas into water. It is a chemical advanced oxidation process that releases reactive oxygen species with an oxidation potential of 2.8-2.9 V, greater than ozone. Because the chemistry is fed as a liquid, the saving comes from avoided equipment as well as from operating cost. --- ## Industries We Serve | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/industries Home / Industries # Industries We Serve One ORP-controlled chemistry platform, tuned to the water problems of four very different industries. Jenfitch serves four industries: municipal and utilities, industrial and cooling towers, food and agriculture, and oil and gas. All four run on the same mineral oxychloride platform, which delivers a 2.8 to 2.9 V oxidation potential from a stable liquid. What changes is the ORP setpoint each program is dosed to. Built Around Your Problem ## The right program for your water, backed by full-scale results. Jenfitch has spent more than a decade solving the water problems conventional chemistry struggles with — pulling dissolved metals below discharge limits, destroying biofilm that shrugs off chlorine, breaking oily emulsions, and disinfecting produce without changing taste. The same mineral oxychloride platform sits behind all of it, but every industry uses it differently. What stays constant is the mechanism. Mineral oxychloride chemistry delivers a 2.8–2.9 V oxidation potential — above ozone, and far above chlorine — from a stable, pourable liquid rather than a gas that has to be generated and dissolved on site. Because the oxygen atoms are weakly bound, they release on contact with organics, inorganics, and microorganisms instead of dissipating on a fixed half-life. That is why the same reagent can hold a protective residual in a mussel-fouled intake, strip H₂S out of a scrubber loop, and sit inside a produce wash line at food-contact dose rates. What changes is the control strategy. Every Jenfitch program is dosed to an oxidation-reduction potential setpoint rather than a fixed ppm, because ppm tells you what you fed and ORP tells you what you achieved. A cooling tower held at +400 to +500 mV is doing biofilm and MIC control; the same chemistry at +650 to +750 mV is running a disinfection barrier. The dose follows the demand, so seasonal load swings, organic surges, and pH drift do not quietly leave a system under-treated. These industry pages pull together the specific problems, treatment programs, products, and proven field results that matter to your operation. If you already know your industry, pick it below. If you are working backwards from a symptom, start with the table underneath. Choose Your Industry ## Four industries, one proven platform. ### Municipal & Utilities Dissolved-metal removal below discharge limits, THM/DBP reduction, ozone-system enhancement, potable clarification, and digester scale control. Explore industry ### Industrial & Cooling Towers Single-chemical control of biofilm, algae, scale, corrosion, and Legionella in cooling towers — plus wet-scrubber H₂S and mussel control. Explore industry ### Food & Agriculture EPA- and USDA-Organic-approved post-harvest disinfection, crop-disease control, higher yields, and shelf-life extension without taste change. Explore industry ### Oil & Gas Stripper-well output gains, H₂S and iron-sulfide elimination, paraffin control, and produced-water treatment with a lasting residual. Explore industry Start With The Symptom ## Which program fits your problem? Most people arrive here describing what they can see, not what chemistry they need. Work across the row: what you are looking at, what is actually driving it, the program that addresses it, and the study that documents the result. Programs link to how the chemistry works; proof links to the underlying field study or technical document. Results are specific to the conditions of each study. What you're seeing | What's driving it | Program | Proof | Effluent copper or zinc over the NPDES limit | Chelated dissolved metals that resist hydroxide precipitation | Metal removal — JC 9830 + JC 1687 | 94% copper removal, full-scale trial | THMs and DBPs creeping toward the regulatory ceiling | Conventional disinfectant reacting with natural organic matter | Ozone-class oxidation — JC 9450 | Goleta Water District pilot study (PDF) | Turbidity and solids that will not settle | Particle charge keeping fines in suspension | Coagulation & flocculation — JC 1687 | New coagulant case study (PDF) | Scale fouling digesters, pumps and dewatering gear | Struvite and vivianite — magnesium-ammonium-phosphate and iron-phosphate | Struvite & vivianite control | Municipal & industrial research | Slime on heat-transfer surfaces, efficiency falling | Biofilm — worse for heat transfer than calcium-carbonate scale, and a shield for MIC | Cooling-water biofilm program — JC 9465 | Is biofilm affecting your process? (PDF) | A positive Legionella culture in a tower | Roughly 90% of Legionella lives inside biofilm, where it resists routine chlorination | ORP-controlled disinfection above +700 mV | 6-log reduction in under 10 seconds | Rotten-egg odor and H₂S in a scrubber exhaust | Sulfide in the gas stream that conventional chemistry knocks down inconsistently | Wet-scrubber H₂S program | 2,000 mg/L H₂S eliminated at $0.0040/lb | Mussels colonizing intakes and piping | Zebra and quagga larvae in raw water — ozone dissipates too fast to hold a residual | Intake & raw-water control — JC 9465 | Zebra mussel application report (PDF) | Wash water losing its kill part-way through a shift | Organic load consuming the oxidant faster than a fixed ppm feed replaces it | Post-harvest wash & hydro-cooling | Listeria on green apples study (PDF) | Disease pressure eroding harvest year after year | Citrus greening, Xylella fastidiosa, Bakanae and similar vascular pathogens | Foliar & irrigation ROS program | Citrus greening field results | Sour rot and low cluster counts on a mature planting | Constrained xylem and phloem flow capping what the vine can carry | Yield & quality program | +49% harvestable yield, −50% sour rot | A stripper well stuck at 1–2 bbl/day | Paraffin, asphaltene and iron-sulfide deposition choking the wellbore | Downhole ROS treatment | +72% output, side-by-side comparison | Not sure which row is yours? Send us your water data · browse every treatment program · or read the full document library. One Platform, Four Jobs ## How does one chemistry fit four industries? Municipal & utilities work is mostly compliance work. The pressure comes from a permit number, and the chemistry has to hit it repeatably on water that changes with the weather. That means two different jobs running side by side: precipitation and settling to pull dissolved metals and solids out, and oxidation to handle organics, odor and disinfection by-product precursors before they become a reportable exceedance. The economics matter as much as the chemistry — one utility used JC 9450 to enhance an existing ozone system rather than replace it, avoiding a capital project valued above $20MM. Industrial & cooling work is mostly biofilm work, whatever the presenting complaint is. Lost heat transfer, pitting corrosion, a Legionella positive, and a mussel-fouled intake are four symptoms of the same underlying condition: a protected microbial layer that routine chlorination cannot reach. A single ORP-controlled reagent replaces the biocide, the dispersant and the secondary oxidant, which is why the operating story here is usually consolidation — fewer products, fewer feed systems, one measured setpoint. Southern California Edison has cited electricity savings above 20% from keeping those surfaces clean. Food & agriculture work is governed by what you are allowed to put on the crop. JC 9465 is EPA-registered and USDA-Organic approved, which is what makes the same reagent usable in a post-harvest wash line, in a hydro-cooler, through irrigation, and as a foliar application. The kill is fast enough for a wash line — a 6-log CFU reduction on E. coli, Listeria and Salmonella in under ten seconds — and it leaves no taste change, which is the constraint that eliminates most alternatives before dose rates are even discussed. Oil & gas work is dominated by residual. A treatment that flashes off cannot reach a wellbore or hold through a produced-water loop, so the differentiator downhole is persistence rather than peak oxidation strength. The same property that lets the chemistry keep working on paraffin, iron sulfide and downhole biofilm also handles H₂S in the gas stream and emulsion breaking on the water side — in one side-by-side comparison, at under $100/day to lift a well from 1–2 to 15 bbl/day. If your operation crosses two of these — a food plant with a cooling tower, a refinery with a discharge permit — that is normal, and it is the argument for a single platform. Tell us what you are treating and we will map it to a program and the studies behind it. 94% Dissolved copper removed in a full-scale municipal trial 12–24× More effective than chlorine in cooling systems +49% Harvestable vineyard yield in a foliar field study +72% Oil output in a side-by-side stripper-well comparison Approved & validated EPA FIFRA Registered USDA Organic Certified NSF/ANSI Standard 60 Validated by UC Davis Post-Harvest · Special Pathogen Laboratory · Sawtooth Ag Research · Southern California Edison · Goleta Water District --- ## About Us: Water Treatment Chemistry Since 2008 | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/about Home / About # About Jenfitch, Inc. A manufacturing and marketing firm specializing in water treatment chemicals, with over 40 years in the water treatment industry. Jenfitch, Inc. is a manufacturing and marketing firm specializing in water treatment chemicals, incorporated in 2008 and backed by more than 40 years of combined team experience. Its JC 9450 mineral oxychloride technology reached market in 2013 and anchors a program family, including JC 9465, serving utilities, agriculture, food processing, energy, and industry. Approved, certified & independently validated EPA FIFRA Registered USDA Organic Certified NSF/ANSI Standard 60 UC Davis University of Washington Special Pathogen Laboratory Montana State University Sawtooth Ag Research GreenAgri Solutions Southern California Edison Goleta Water District Who We Are ## How long has Jenfitch treated water? Jenfitch, Inc. is a manufacturing and marketing firm that specializes in water treatment chemicals. We deliver advanced treatment technologies that enhance water quality, protect infrastructure, support public health, and strengthen operational efficiency across utilities, agriculture, food processing, energy, and industrial sectors. Our work spans five key areas: safe drinking water using green technology, water reuse treatment, food safety, wastewater cleanup, and the elimination of microorganism contaminants. Jenfitch, Inc. was incorporated in 2008 to manufacture and market next-generation water-treatment chemistry, but the expertise behind it goes back much further: our team brings more than 40 years of combined experience in water treatment to every program we build. Since 2008 that experience has been focused on advanced oxidation and precision, ORP-controlled dosing. Our mission is simple to say and demanding to deliver: Smarter. Safer. Sustainable. 40+ Years of team water-treatment experience 2.8–2.9 V Oxidation potential — above ozone and chlorine 6× Shelf life versus sodium hypochlorite 12–24× More effective than chlorine on biofilm & pathogens Our Story ## What makes this century-old chemistry practical? Jenfitch was founded in 2008 to manufacture and market a new generation of water-treatment chemistry. In 2013 we brought JC 9450 — our mineral oxychloride technology — to market, and it has since become the foundation of our program family, including the EPA- and USDA-approved flagship disinfectant JC 9465. The underlying mineral oxychloride chemistry was first explored in the early 1900s, but it could not be reliably measured or controlled until modern oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) instruments arrived in the late 20th century. That control point is what turned a promising reaction into a dependable, dose-managed treatment program. - Founded 2008 to commercialize next-generation treatment chemistry. - JC 9450 mineral oxychloride brought to market in 2013. - ORP instrumentation makes the chemistry measurable and controllable. - Now serving utilities, industry, agriculture, food, and energy. Leadership ## Owner-led, research-driven. ### Charles Jennings — Owner & General Manager Charles leads Jenfitch as owner and General Manager, guiding both the research and marketing teams. His focus is turning advanced oxidation chemistry into treatment programs that plant operators can run reliably and affordably in the field. What Makes Us Different ## How does Jenfitch match ozone-class oxidation? Jenfitch mineral oxychloride chemistry is the liquid chelation of minerals with oxygen. The oxygen atoms are weakly bound, so on contact the chemistry releases them to generate a family of reactive oxygen species (ROS) — superoxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, hydroperoxyl, and peroxide. The result is an oxidation potential of 2.8–2.9 V, second only to fluorine and on par with the hydroxyl radical, and well above ozone (2.07 V), chlorine dioxide (1.57 V), and chlorine (1.36 V). ### Why operators choose it - Ready-to-use liquid. 100% water-soluble, delivered as a liquid — no gas generation, no dissolving ozone into water. - Longer shelf life. Roughly six months of stability versus about 30 days for sodium hypochlorite — six times the shelf life. - Dramatically more effective. 12–24 times more effective than chlorine at controlling biofilms, bacteria, viruses, and spores. - Precisely controlled. Managed by ORP (measured in millivolts), giving operators a practical, real-time control point for feed rate. - Lower cost. Delivers equivalent oxidation for less than 1% of the cost of a conventional ozone system. i ### A control point, not a guess Because the program is managed by ORP, disinfection performance can be tied to a measurable target: roughly +600 mV corresponds to a disinfection barrier and +700 mV delivers a 6-log kill in under 10 seconds. That is what makes a century-old chemistry practical today. Credentials ## What approvals and certifications does Jenfitch hold? ### EPA FIFRA Registered JC 9465 is registered under the federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (2020) for use as a disinfectant. ### USDA / NOP Organic JC 9465 is certified under the USDA National Organic Program (2021, 7 CFR Part 205) for use in organic operations. ### NSF/ANSI Standard 60 JC 9465 and JC 9450 are NSF/ANSI Standard 60 certified for drinking-water treatment, with a maximum use dose of 84 mg/L. ### USEPA Water Approved Jenfitch chemistry is approved for USEPA water applications, supporting potable and reuse treatment programs. Milestones ## Key moments in the Jenfitch story. A brief timeline of Jenfitch milestones and approvals. Year | Milestone | Early 1900s | Mineral oxychloride chemistry first explored, but not yet measurable or controllable. | Late 20th c. | Modern ORP instruments make the chemistry measurable and controllable for the first time. | 2008 | Jenfitch, Inc. founded to manufacture and market next-generation water-treatment chemistry. | 2013 | JC 9450 mineral oxychloride technology brought to market. | 2020 | JC 9465 EPA FIFRA registered as a disinfectant. | 2021 | JC 9465 certified under the USDA National Organic Program (7 CFR Part 205). | Who We Serve ## Which industries rely on Jenfitch chemistry? ### Utilities & Industry Potable water, wastewater, process water, and reuse for municipalities and manufacturers. Learn more ### Cooling & Power Biofilm, algae, scale, corrosion, and Legionella control in cooling towers and scrubber systems. Learn more ### Oil & Gas H₂S control, produced-water treatment, and stripper-well output improvement. Learn more ### Agriculture & Food Crop yield, in-field and post-harvest disinfection, and food-safety pathogen control. Learn more What We Do ## Click below to learn more ### Coagulation & Flocculation Coagulants and flocculants for potable, industrial, and wastewater systems. Learn more about Coagulation & Flocculation ### Organo-Clay Technology Absorption and separation for oily and hard-to-treat wastewater. Learn more about Organo-Clay Technology ### Mineral Oxychloride Technology Oxidative energy greater than ozone at lower cost. Learn more about Mineral Oxychloride Technology ### Struvite & Vivianite Control Prevent, control, and remove scale in digesters and dewatering. Learn more about Struvite & Vivianite Control ### Metal Removal Lower dissolved copper, zinc, and other heavy metals. Learn more about Metal Removal ### For more information Contact us to discuss your treatment goals and request support. Contact us Frequently Asked Questions ## More about Jenfitch. When was Jenfitch founded? Jenfitch, Inc. was founded in 2008 to manufacture and market next-generation water-treatment chemistry. Our JC 9450 mineral oxychloride technology was brought to market in 2013, and our EPA- and USDA-approved flagship disinfectant JC 9465 followed. The expertise behind the company goes back much further, with a team bringing more than 40 years of combined water-treatment experience. Since 2008 that experience has been focused on advanced oxidation and precision, ORP-controlled dosing. What is mineral oxychloride chemistry? It is the liquid chelation of minerals with oxygen. The oxygen atoms are weakly bound, so on contact the chemistry releases them to generate reactive oxygen species with an oxidation potential of 2.8–2.9 V — ozone-class oxidation without having to dissolve a gas in water. The chemistry was first explored in the early 1900s but only became controllable with modern ORP instruments. Who leads the company? Jenfitch is led by owner and General Manager Charles Jennings, who oversees the research and marketing teams. Those teams support a manufacturing and marketing firm that specializes in water treatment chemicals, so leadership spans both the laboratory work behind the chemistry and the programs built around it for customers. The stated mission guiding that work is simple to say and demanding to deliver: Smarter. Safer. Sustainable. Is the chemistry approved and certified? Yes. JC 9465 is EPA FIFRA registered (2020) and USDA/NOP Organic certified (2021, 7 CFR Part 205), and Jenfitch chemistry is USEPA water approved. JC 9465 and JC 9450 are NSF/ANSI Standard 60 certified with a maximum use dose of 84 mg/L. JC 9450 and JC 9465 are the same chemistry on two different registration paths. The chemistry has also been independently validated by UC Davis, the University of Washington, Special Pathogen Laboratory, and Montana State University. Which industries does Jenfitch serve? We serve utilities, industry, agriculture, food and produce, and oil & gas, spanning drinking water, water reuse, wastewater, cooling and scrubber systems, and food safety. Jenfitch work covers five key areas: safe drinking water using green technology, water reuse treatment, food safety, wastewater cleanup, and the elimination of microorganism contaminants. Programs are built for utilities, agriculture, food processing, energy, and industrial operators that need to protect water quality and infrastructure. --- ## Contact Us: Quotes, SDS & Technical Help | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/contact Home / Contact # Let's talk water. Quotes, safety data sheets, technical questions, or project scoping — reach the Jenfitch team and we'll help you find the right treatment program. Jenfitch, Inc. can be reached at sales@jenfitch.com or (925) 289-3559, at 712 Bancroft Road, Suite 805, Walnut Creek, California 94598. The team handles quotes, safety data sheets and product labels, technical questions on ORP targets and dosing, pilot scoping, and aquatic-toxicity reports. Engagements move from bench study to on-site pilot to full-scale rollout. Send an Inquiry ## Request a quote or technical information Tell us about your application and water chemistry and the Jenfitch team will get back to you with the right treatment program, an SDS, or pricing. ### Contact details Visit 712 Bancroft Road, Suite #805 Walnut Creek, California 94598 Email charles@jenfitch.com sales@jenfitch.com Phone (925) 289-3559 1-800-644-3518 Fax (925) 289-0094 Connect LinkedIn Fast Track ## How can we help today? ### Request a Quote Tell us your application and volume; we'll scope a program. ### Request an SDS Get safety data sheets and product labels for any product. ### Call Us Speak with our team: (925) 289-3559 or 1-800-644-3518. What Happens Next ## What happens after your first call? Most engagements start with a short conversation and grow into a bench study, a pilot on your own system, and a supported full-scale rollout. At every step you get documentation — safety data sheets, product labels, and aquatic-toxicity reports — so your team can evaluate, permit, and operate with confidence. - Reach out — share your water chemistry, application, and goals. - We assess — our team reviews your system and recommends the right chemistry. - We pilot — we validate performance and dial in ORP targets on your system. - We support — dosing guidance, SDS/labels, and ongoing technical help. Reasons to Reach Out ## What can we help you with? ### Request a quote Tell us your application, water chemistry, and volume, and we'll scope a program and pricing for your system. ### Safety data sheets (SDS) Get safety data sheets and product labels for any Jenfitch product for evaluation, permitting, and handling. ### Technical questions Ask about ORP targets, dosing, chemistry selection, and how our programs fit your process and goals. ### Pilot & trial scoping Plan a bench study and an on-site pilot so you can validate performance before a full-scale rollout. ### Aquatic-toxicity reports Request aquatic-toxicity documentation to support discharge permitting and environmental review. ### Sales & ordering Work with our sales team on product availability, quantities, and delivery for your operation. i ### Prefer to talk it through? Call (925) 289-3559 or toll-free 1-800-644-3518, or email sales@jenfitch.com. Share your water chemistry and application and we'll point you to the right program. Frequently Asked Questions ## Before you reach out. How do I request a quote? Email sales@jenfitch.com or charles@jenfitch.com, or call (925) 289-3559. Share your application, water chemistry, and volume, and we'll scope a program and pricing. You can also use the inquiry form on this page, which asks for your industry and what you need, whether that is a quote, an SDS or product label, a technical answer, or a pilot. Most engagements start with a short conversation. Can I get an SDS or product label? Yes. We provide safety data sheets and product labels for any Jenfitch product. Email us the product you need and we'll send the documentation. The inquiry form on this page has a request option for an SDS or product label, or you can write to sales@jenfitch.com or call (925) 289-3559. Documentation is provided at every step so your team can evaluate, permit, and operate with confidence. Do you help with pilots and trials? We do. A typical engagement moves from a bench study to an on-site pilot before full-scale rollout, so you can validate performance and dial in ORP targets on your own system first. Most engagements begin with a short conversation in which our team reviews your system and recommends the right chemistry. Throughout, you receive documentation, including safety data sheets, product labels, and aquatic-toxicity reports, and the rollout is supported. Are aquatic-toxicity reports available? Yes. Ask our team for aquatic-toxicity documentation to support discharge permitting and environmental review. It is part of the documentation package you receive at every step of an engagement, alongside safety data sheets and product labels, so your team can evaluate, permit, and operate with confidence. Request it with your other technical documents by emailing sales@jenfitch.com or calling (925) 289-3559, and tell us which product and application you are reviewing. Where is Jenfitch located? Our office is at 712 Bancroft Road, Suite #805, Walnut Creek, California 94598. You can reach us at (925) 289-3559 or toll-free 1-800-644-3518. Our fax number is (925) 289-0094, and email reaches the team at sales@jenfitch.com or charles@jenfitch.com. You can also connect with Jenfitch, Inc. on LinkedIn or send your application details through the inquiry form on this page. --- ## Resources & Document Library | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/documents Home / Documents # Resources & Document Library Field studies, technical briefs, brochures, tech sheets, and reference charts for JC 9465 and JC 9450 — 33 PDFs plus an interactive ORP reference. PDFs open in a new tab. The Jenfitch document library collects 33 downloadable PDFs plus an interactive ORP reference, covering JC 9465 and JC 9450. Documents are grouped by topic: company and product overviews, municipal and industrial water, cooling towers, scrubbers and Legionella, oil and gas, agriculture and food safety, and reference charts. Each opens in a new tab. Document Library ## What documents can you download here? Browse Jenfitch's full library of technical documents by topic. Each opens as a PDF in a new tab. Need something you don't see here? Contact our team. Start Here ## What documents are requested most? If you only read three, read these — the chemistry, the company behind it, and the single application customers ask about most. Technical Data Sheet ### JC 9465 Oxidation potential, dose rates, log-reduction data and handling for the flagship mineral oxychloride reagent. Open PDF ↗ 4 pages · 648 KB Guide ### Legionella Prevention & Control What Legionella is, why it survives conventional disinfection, and how an ORP-controlled program removes it and keeps it out. Open PDF ↗ 4 pages · 896 KB Company Overview ### Jenfitch, Inc. Who we are, where the chemistry came from, and the industries running on it today — a four-page introduction. Open PDF ↗ 4 pages · 1.1 MB Filter documents Showing all 34 resources No documents match that search. Try a broader term, or ask us directly. ## What does Jenfitch make? Jenfitch Company OverviewPDF · 4 pages · 1.1 MB↗ Agriculture Solutions OverviewPDF · 5 pages · 2.7 MB↗ JC 9465 Agriculture Presentation OverviewPDF · 12 pages · 7.4 MB↗ Tech Sheet — JC 9465PDF · 4 pages · 648 KB↗ Tech Sheet — JC 9450PDF · 4 pages · 684 KB↗ Product Brief — JC 9465 Algaecide & BiocidePDF · 2 pages · 310 KB↗ Technical Review — Mineral Oxychloride Advanced Oxidation ReagentPDF · 4 pages · 418 KB↗ ## What works for municipal and industrial water? Case Study — Removing Dissolved CopperPDF · 2 pages · 259 KB↗ Technical Brief — Removing Dissolved Copper in WastewaterPDF · 2 pages · 217 KB↗ Case Study — New Coagulant Improves Water QualityPDF · 1 page · 171 KB↗ Field Study — ROS Improves Ozone Water TreatmentPDF · 2 pages · 213 KB↗ Executive Summary — JC 9450 Goleta Water District Pilot StudyPDF · 4 pages · 547 KB↗ Comparison — Ozone vs JC 9450PDF · 1 page · 168 KB↗ ## Cooling Towers, Scrubbers & Legionella Brochure — JC 9450 Cooling TowersPDF · 4 pages · 530 KB↗ Product Brief — Eliminating Biofilm in Cooling TowersPDF · 1 page · 186 KB↗ Guide — Is Biofilm Affecting Your Process?PDF · 4 pages · 2.1 MB↗ Application Report — JC 9465 Zebra Mussel ControlPDF · 4 pages · 511 KB↗ Technical Brief — Eliminating H₂S in Wet ScrubbersPDF · 2 pages · 222 KB↗ Brochure — Legionella Prevention & Control GuidePDF · 4 pages · 896 KB↗ Brochure — Jenfitch Breakthrough on LegionellaPDF · 4 pages · 1.1 MB↗ ## Oil & Gas Brochure — Oil and Gas SolutionsPDF · 4 pages · 429 KB↗ Field Study — Stripper Wells Output IncreasePDF · 2 pages · 509 KB↗ ## Agriculture & Food Safety ROS Increases Vineyard Yield by 50%PDF · 2 pages · 287 KB↗ Field Study — Avocado and MelonsPDF · 4 pages · 321 KB↗ ROS Effective Against Xylella FastidiosaPDF · 1 page · 159 KB↗ News Release — Rescuing Florida CitrusPDF · 2 pages · 396 KB↗ News Release — Crawfish Farm Doubles ProductionPDF · 2 pages · 284 KB↗ Mineral Oxychloride Improves Food SafetyPDF · 1 page · 210 KB↗ Research Summary — JC 9450 on Listeria (Green Apples Study)PDF · 2 pages · 260 KB↗ Presentation — JC 9465 ROS for Food IndustryPDF · 4 pages · 1.2 MB↗ News Release — EPA and USDA Organic ApprovalPDF · 2 pages · 219 KB↗ ## Reference Charts ORP Chart for Different Processes — interactive referenceWeb page · target ranges & benchmarks→ Reference Chart — ORP for Different ProcessesPDF · 1 page · 659 KB↗ Reference Chart — Free Chlorine ORP vs pHPDF · 1 page · 1.3 MB↗ --- ## Water Treatment Research Library | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/research Home / Research # Research Library Technical resources, field studies, EPA labels, brochures, and charts for evaluating Jenfitch treatment programs. The Jenfitch research library collects full-scale field studies, technical briefs, EPA labels, brochures, and ORP reference charts for evaluating its treatment programs. Studies are grouped by application: municipal and industrial water, agriculture, cooling towers and scrubbers, oil and gas, case studies, and ORP charts. Reported results include 94 percent copper removal and 49 percent vineyard yield increase. Approved, certified & independently validated EPA FIFRA Registered USDA Organic Certified NSF/ANSI Standard 60 UC Davis University of Washington Special Pathogen Laboratory Montana State University Sawtooth Ag Research GreenAgri Solutions Southern California Edison Goleta Water District Our approach ## What evidence backs our claims? Every Jenfitch program is backed by field data. Rather than lean on lab curves alone, we validate the same mineral-oxychloride and reactive-oxygen-species (ROS) chemistry across full-scale trials in municipal plants, vineyards and packhouses, cooling loops, and oil & gas wells — then publish the studies here so you can evaluate them yourself. The through-line is oxidation-reduction potential (ORP): a single, measurable control point that ties dose to performance across very different applications. 94% Copper removal (municipal) +49% Vineyard yield (agriculture) 6-log Pathogen kill in <10 sec 33.5 bbl/day treated stripper well What you’ll find ## Browse research by application. Full-scale trials and lab work grouped by where the chemistry is used. Every category opens onto the underlying studies, briefs, and labels. ### Municipal & Industrial Water Treatment Dissolved copper and zinc removal with a sulfide-precipitation program, an ozone-system enhancement field study that avoided a >$20MM replacement, the Goleta Water District pilot, biocide data, EPA labels, and tech sheets. Browse studies ### Agricultural Research Vineyard yield and disease trials, citrus greening recovery, Xylella and Bakanae work, UC Davis and University of Washington food-safety data, post-harvest disinfection, and shelf-life support. Browse studies ### Cooling Towers & Scrubbers Single-chemical ORP programs for biofilm, scale, corrosion, MIC, and Legionella, plus wet-scrubber applications, zebra-mussel control, and USDA organic registration. Browse studies ### Oil & Gas Stripper-well output studies, a side-by-side stimulation comparison, H₂S wet-scrubbing results, and process biofilm control with mineral oxychloride chemistry. Browse studies ### Case Studies Results by industry — copper removal, Legionella control, stripper wells, vineyard yield, H₂S scrubbing, and citrus greening, each with the measured outcome. Browse studies ### ORP Chart & Reference Charts Reference ORP/mV targets across treatment processes, plus the free chlorine vs ORP vs pH chart and the JC 9465 vs ozone comparison. Browse studies PDFJC 9465 Tech Sheet — applies to every application↗ HUBFull document library — all 33 studies, briefs & charts→ --- ## Chlorine, Ozone & ClO2 Alternatives Compared | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/comparisons Home / Research / Comparisons # Mineral Oxychloride vs. Conventional Oxidants How Jenfitch mineral oxychloride (JC 9465 / JC 9450) compares to chlorine, ozone, and chlorine dioxide — oxidation potential, residual, handling, and cost, side by side, backed by documented field results. Jenfitch mineral oxychloride oxidizes at 2.8 to 2.9 V, second only to fluorine and above chlorine dioxide at 1.57 V, ozone at 2.07 V, and chlorine at 1.36 V. These side-by-side comparisons weigh oxidation potential, residual, handling, and cost for JC 9465 and JC 9450, which ship as ready-to-use liquids dosed by ORP. Approved, certified & independently validated EPA FIFRA Registered USDA Organic Certified NSF/ANSI Standard 60 UC Davis University of Washington Special Pathogen Laboratory Montana State University Sawtooth Ag Research GreenAgri Solutions Southern California Edison Goleta Water District Choosing an Oxidant ## How does mineral oxychloride compare to alternatives? Chlorine, ozone, and chlorine dioxide are the established oxidants of the water-treatment world, and each has a place. But if you are evaluating mineral oxychloride chemistry, the questions come down to oxidation strength, whether a residual is left behind, how the product is handled, and what it costs to run. Jenfitch mineral oxychloride sits at 2.8–2.9 V — second only to fluorine and above every conventional oxidant on this page — while shipping as a ready-to-use liquid dosed by ORP. The three comparisons below break down the trade-offs honestly. Head-to-Head ## Three comparisons. ### vs. Chlorine Far higher oxidation potential (2.8–2.9 V vs 1.36 V), no chlorinated by-products, and 12–24× the effectiveness against biofilm, bacteria, viruses, and spores. See comparison ### vs. Ozone Ozone-class oxidation as a stable pourable liquid — no gas-generation train, plus a measurable ORP residual, at less than 1% of a conventional ozone system's cost. See comparison ### vs. Chlorine Dioxide Higher oxidation potential (2.8–2.9 V vs 1.57 V), no on-site gas generation, ORP-controlled dosing, and a mild mineral-oxide residual. See comparison The Benchmark ## Oxidation potential of common oxidants. Standard oxidation (redox) potentials in volts. Higher values indicate stronger oxidizing power. Mineral oxychloride generates a family of reactive oxygen species with an effective potential of 2.8–2.9 V. Oxidant | Oxidation potential (V) | Fluorine | 3.06 | Mineral oxychloride (JC 9465 / JC 9450) | 2.8–2.9 | Hydroxyl radical (•OH) | 2.80 | Ozone (O3) | 2.07 | Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) | 1.57 | Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) | 1.49 | Chlorine (Cl2) | 1.36 | Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) | 0.94 | Superoxide (O2−) | −2.40 | Oxidation potentials are standard reference values; real-world disinfection depends on dose, contact time, pH, temperature, and demand. Jenfitch dosing is controlled and verified by ORP in the field. 2.8–2.9 V Mineral oxychloride oxidation potential — above ozone, ClO₂, and chlorine 12–24× More effective than chlorine on biofilm, bacteria, viruses, and spores <1% Of the cost of a conventional ozone system for equivalent oxidation 6-log Pathogen kill in under 10 seconds at target ORP Frequently Asked Questions ## How do common oxidants compare? Which oxidant is strongest? By standard oxidation potential, fluorine leads at 3.06 V, followed by mineral oxychloride at 2.8–2.9 V — on par with the hydroxyl radical (2.80 V) and above ozone (2.07 V), chlorine dioxide (1.57 V), and chlorine (1.36 V). Fluorine is not used as a water disinfectant, which makes mineral oxychloride the strongest practical oxidant on this list. Is a residual left behind? Ozone dissipates and leaves no residual. Mineral oxychloride leaves mildly biocidal mineral-oxide by-products that resist recontamination, and dosing is verified by a measurable ORP. Chlorine and chlorine dioxide also carry a residual, though of a different chemical character. Whether a residual is needed is one of the four questions worth asking when evaluating an oxidant, alongside oxidation strength, how the product is handled, and what it costs to run. How do the costs compare? For equivalent oxidation, mineral oxychloride runs at less than 1% of the cost of a conventional ozone system — largely by avoiding the capital and energy of generating and dissolving a gas. Against chlorine, lower dose requirements (inorganics below 1 mg/L per mg/L versus roughly 6 mg/L for chlorine) help offset a higher unit price. Are chlorine, ozone, and ClO₂ still valid choices? Yes. All three are established, well-understood technologies with decades of regulatory history. Chlorine remains the default residual disinfectant for distribution systems; ozone is widely used for taste, odor, and advanced oxidation; chlorine dioxide is valued for selective oxidation and biofilm penetration. Mineral oxychloride is a complementary or alternative option where their trade-offs become limiting. How is mineral oxychloride dosed? It is a 100% water-soluble, ready-to-use liquid dosed to a target oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in millivolts. Roughly +600 mV establishes a disinfection barrier and +700 mV delivers a 6-log kill in under 10 seconds. Because the chemistry ships ready to use, there is no on-site generation step; the product is metered into the water and the ORP reading confirms that the target oxidation level is being held. --- ## Water Treatment Case Studies & Results | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/case-studies Home / Case Studies # Case Studies Documented, full-scale results from Jenfitch programs — across municipal utilities, agriculture, oil & gas, and cooling systems. Jenfitch case studies document full-scale field results across municipal utilities, agriculture, oil and gas, and cooling systems: 94% dissolved copper removal, a 49% vineyard yield gain, stripper-well output raised to 15 barrels a day, complete H2S elimination in a wet scrubber, and a 6-log Legionella reduction in under 10 seconds. Each is backed by a downloadable technical document. Last updated 26 September 2026 Proof in the Field ## Results you can forward. Every case study below comes from a real trial or field study, backed by a downloadable technical document. The through-line is the same ORP-controlled, mineral‑oxychloride chemistry — and the same measurable precision — applied to very different problems. From pulling dissolved copper below a discharge limit to restoring citrus-greening groves to marketable fruit, these are the outcomes Jenfitch programs delivered. Pick a study to see the challenge, the exact products and dose, and the data. ### 94% Dissolved Copper Removal at a Northern California Municipal Plant A JC 9830 + JC 1687 program removed 94% of dissolved copper and about 70% of zinc in a full-scale, year-long municipal trial — below the 3.1 ppb discharge limit. Read case study ### ROS Increases Vineyard Yield by 49% In a 2023 Sawtooth Ag Research field study on mature French Colombard, foliar JC 9465 raised harvestable yield 49% and cut sour rot in half. Read case study ### Stripper-Well Output Raised from 1–2 to 15 Barrels/Day A Pecos County, Texas field study lifted output from 1–2 bbl/day to 15 bbl/day for less than $100/day — while eliminating H₂S, iron, and bacteria. Read case study ### Complete H₂S Elimination in a Wet Scrubber A Houston natural-gas stream carrying 2,000 mg/L H₂S was fully scrubbed at $0.0040/lb, shifting ORP from −150 to +100 mV with only inert sulfate residuals. Read case study ### 6-Log Legionella Reduction in Under 10 Seconds Special Pathogen Laboratory confirmed a 6-log Legionella kill in under 10 seconds at >+700 mV — eliminating legionellosis risk in most systems within 4 hours. Read case study ### Restoring Citrus-Greening (HLB) Groves to Marketable Fruit With GreenAgri Solutions in Florida, a JC 9465 protocol took diseased trees to new healthy flush in a week and marketable fruit within 60 days. Read case study 94% Dissolved copper removed in a full-scale municipal trial +49% Harvestable vineyard yield in a foliar field study 15 bbl Per-day stripper-well output, up from 1–2 6-log Legionella kill in under 10 seconds at >+700 mV --- ## Water Treatment Blog & Field Insights | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/blog Home / Blog # Blog & Insights Field studies, technical notes, and application guides on JC 9465, reactive oxygen species, biofilm, and agriculture and industrial water treatment. The Jenfitch blog collects field studies, technical notes, and application guides on JC 9465, reactive oxygen species, biofilm, and agricultural and industrial water treatment. Articles are grouped by research, industrial, wastewater, disinfection, cooling towers, oil and gas, and agriculture, covering topics from EPA FIFRA and USDA organic approval to sludge bulking and foam control. ## All articles Research ### JC 9465 Earns EPA FIFRA and USDA Organic Approval Jenfitch has obtained both EPA FIFRA and USDA Organic Standard (7 CFR Part 205) approval for JC 9465, clearing the way for use across organic and conventional agricultural operations alike. Read article → Research ### What Is ROS — and How It Cuts Treatment Costs Jenfitch, Inc. of Walnut Creek, CA developed JC 9465, an advanced oxidant that uses mineral oxychloride technology to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Read article → Research ### Mineral Oxychloride vs. Chlorine Dioxide Mineral oxychloride reagents represent a second-generation advanced oxidation process, delivering disinfection, biofilm removal, and residual protection compared with conventional oxidants such as chlorine dioxide. Read article → Research ### Nature's Cleaners: Exploring Biosurfactants for Water Treatment Nature has its own cleaning power, and in California, where water conservation is vital, we are constantly seeking innovative solutions. Read article → Industrial ### Industrial Water Treatment: A Key to Sustainable Manufacturing Industrial water treatment in California has become a crucial aspect of sustainable manufacturing processes. Read article → Industrial ### How JC 9465 Removes Biofilm and Boosts Efficiency JC 9465 is a new strong oxidizer that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) to remove biofilm and improve system efficiency in water treatment. Read article → Wastewater ### Knocking Down Foam in Wastewater with JC 9465 Foam is one of the most stubborn operational challenges in wastewater treatment. Read article → Wastewater ### Eliminating Filamentous Sludge Bulking with JC 9465 Sludge bulking is one of the most persistent challenges in small and mid-sized treatment plants, especially when seasonal shifts move the F/M ratio, the N/P ratio, and temperature all at once. Read article → Disinfection ### JC 9465: A Powerful Algaecide and Biocide Jenfitch's EPA-registered product JC 9465 is an algaecide and biocide that can help improve water quality in countless applications. Read article → Disinfection ### Legionellosis: Breaking the Chain of Infection Legionellosis remains one of the most dangerous waterborne threats in modern building and industrial water systems. Read article → Disinfection ### Advanced Oxidation for Pool, Hot Tub & Spa Sanitation Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are changing how swimming pools, hot tubs, and spas are sanitized. Read article → Cooling Towers ### JC 9465 as a Biofilm Biodispersant in Cooling Systems Biofilms, colonies of microbial cells and the extracellular polymers they produce, are a critical but often underestimated factor in industrial water treatment. Read article → Cooling Towers ### JC 9465: Microbial Control for Power Generation JC 9465 is an oxidizing biocide that is transforming microbial control for power generation. Read article → Industrial ### Enhancing Ozone Systems with Reactive Oxygen Species Jenfitch's JC 9465 is a mineral oxychloride-based oxidant that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS); it is NSF/ANSI Standard 60 certified, as is JC 9450, up to 84 mg/L. Read article → Oil & Gas ### JC 9465 as a Paraffin Inhibitor in Oilfield Water JC 9465 is a paraffin inhibitor for oilfield applications that restores and enhances flow assurance in water systems. Read article → Oil & Gas ### Next-Generation Wet Scrubbing: Removing H₂S with ROS A Houston, TX investigation demonstrated complete H₂S removal from natural gas using JC 9465 ROS, a new mineral oxychloride compound that generates Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Read article → Agriculture ### ROS: A Game-Changer for Agriculture JC 9465 generates reactive oxygen species through mineral oxychloride compounds, engineered to improve profits and safety across the agriculture industry. Read article → Agriculture ### Citrus Greening Controlled with ROS: Field Results Since 2019 Florida has lost more than 75% of its citrus to huanglongbing (HLB), with orange production down about 75% and grapefruit about 85%. Read article → Agriculture ### Controlling Powdery Mildew in California Vineyards In California's sun-soaked vineyards, where the wine and table grape industries are cornerstones of the state's agricultural economy, powdery mildew remains a relentless adversary. Read article → Agriculture ### Cutting Sour Rot in Wine Grapes with ROS During 2023, Sawtooth Ag Research of Selma, CA tested JC 9465, a mineral oxychloride disinfectant, on wine grapes and cut sour rot in half while sharply increasing crop yield. Read article → Agriculture ### ROS vs. Xylella: A Florida Field Study A field study with GreenAgri Solutions, LLC in Florida tested JC 9465, a mineral oxychloride disinfectant, against the bacteria affecting fruit trees. Read article → Agriculture ### Improving Food Safety and Product Quality with JC 9465 Food safety and product quality are inseparable in modern produce handling. Read article → Research ### Goleta Water District Evaluates JC 9465 for THM Reduction The Goleta Water District is evaluating JC 9465 as a means of reducing trihalomethane formation while maintaining compliance with drinking-water standards. Read article → --- ## Wastewater Treatment Chemicals FAQ | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/faq Home / FAQ # FAQ about Wastewater Treatment Chemicals in California Frequently asked questions At Jenfitch, we understand the critical role wastewater treatment chemicals in California play in protecting public health and meeting regulatory standards. Below are common questions and clear answers about chemical and industrial water treatment to help you choose effective, compliant solutions. Frequently asked questions ## Questions and answers What are wastewater treatment chemicals? Wastewater treatment chemicals are specialized substances used to treat contaminated water from industrial processes, municipal waste, or agricultural runoff. They help break down pollutants, reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD), remove suspended solids, and eliminate harmful pathogens so treated water meets safety and regulatory standards before discharge or reuse. How are these chemicals applied in treatment systems? Chemicals are used at targeted stages: coagulation and flocculation to aggregate solids, pH adjustment to optimize reactions, oxidation and disinfection to control microbes, and polymer dosing to improve dewatering and filtration. These chemical steps are typically integrated with physical filtration and bioremediation to achieve consistent results. Can Jenfitch support industrial water treatment in California? Yes. Industrial water treatment in California often requires tailored chemical programs to manage high-volume flows and industry-specific contaminants. Jenfitch can guide the selection and dosing strategy that aligns with your operational needs and regulatory requirements. Are wastewater treatment chemicals safe and compliant? When selected, dosed, and monitored correctly, these chemicals enable facilities to meet environmental and public-health standards. Safety and compliance depend on proper handling, staff training, accurate monitoring, and adherence to local and state regulations. How do I choose the right chemical program? Start by assessing influent characteristics, target effluent quality, and process limitations. Work with a trusted manufacturing and marketing firm that specializes in water treatment chemicals to pilot solutions that combine chemicals with filtration and biological methods for cost-effective, reliable performance. What about environmental impact and monitoring? Minimizing residuals, optimizing dosages, and validating treatment outcomes through routine monitoring reduce environmental impact. Continuous sampling and performance tuning ensure long-term compliance and sustainability. --- ## Mineral Oxychloride (ROS) Oxidant Technology | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/mineral-oxychloride-technology Home / How We Help / Mineral Oxychloride Technology # Mineral Oxychloride Technology A liquid mineral oxychloride chemistry that delivers ozone-class oxidation — without dissolving a gas in water — at less than one percent of the cost of a conventional ozone system. Mineral oxychloride is a liquid chelation of minerals with oxygen that releases reactive oxygen species on contact with water and contaminants. The family generated, including the hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, superoxide anion, and hydrogen peroxide, gives an oxidation potential of 2.8 to 2.9 volts, delivering ozone-class oxidation without dissolving a gas in water. Approved, certified & independently validated EPA FIFRA Registered USDA Organic Certified NSF/ANSI Standard 60 UC Davis University of Washington Special Pathogen Laboratory Montana State University Sawtooth Ag Research GreenAgri Solutions Southern California Edison Goleta Water District The Chemistry ## What is mineral oxychloride? Mineral oxychloride is a liquid chelation of minerals with oxygen, expressed as MxOxClt. The oxygen atoms are weakly bound, so on contact with water and contaminants the complex releases them and generates a family of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The idea was first explored in the early 1900s, but it could only be measured and controlled once modern oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) instruments arrived late in the twentieth century. Jenfitch, founded in 2008, brought the chemistry to market as JC 9450 in 2013 and later as the EPA/USDA-registered flagship JC 9465. The ROS family generated includes the superoxide anion (O2−), the hydroxyl radical (OH•), singlet or nascent oxygen (1O2), hydroperoxyl (HO2−), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Together these give the product an oxidation potential of 2.8–2.9 V — second only to fluorine and on par with the hydroxyl radical itself. Because the reaction is effectively catalytic, the mineral-oxide by-products are mildly biocidal (they resist recontamination) and remain below FDA limits. The product is 100% water-soluble and ready to use. ### The catalyzed reaction Sodium hypochlorite alone dissociates to hypochlorous acid, hypochlorite ion, and a small amount of hydroxyl radical: NaOCl → HOCl + OCl− + OH•. With the Jenfitch mineral catalyst present, the same feed is driven further — Catalyst + NaOCl → HOCl + OCl− + OH• + M complexes — producing the broader ROS spectrum and the much higher effective oxidation potential. i ### Controlled by ORP, not just dose Oxidation-reduction potential (measured in millivolts) is the practical control variable. Kill efficacy tracks ORP rather than parts-per-million alone, so treatment can be metered precisely to the target barrier for each process. Oxidation Power ## Above ozone, well above chlorine. Oxidation potential is the measure of how aggressively an oxidant strips electrons from contaminants. Mineral oxychloride sits at 2.8–2.9 V — higher than ozone (2.07 V), far higher than chlorine dioxide (1.57 V), chlorine (1.36 V), or sodium hypochlorite (0.94 V). That places it in the same class as the hydroxyl radical used in advanced oxidation, but delivered as a stable liquid rather than a gas that must be generated on site. Reference Data ## Oxidation potential of common oxidants. Standard oxidation potentials. Source: Jenfitch technical documentation. Oxidant | Oxidation potential (V) | Fluorine | 3.06 | Hydroxyl radical (OH•) | 2.80 | Mineral oxychloride (JC 9465) | 2.8–2.9 | Ozone | 2.07 | Chlorine dioxide | 1.57 | Chlorine | 1.36 | Sodium hypochlorite | 0.94 | Disinfection Benchmark ## Why does higher ORP kill more organisms? Because the chemistry is metered to ORP, the relationship between the millivolt target and the surviving bacterial count is predictable. The table below shows the benchmark used to set disinfection and sterilization barriers. ORP-to-CFU benchmark. Source: Jenfitch technical documentation. ORP (mV) | Surviving count (CFU/100 mL) | Effect | +200 | 300 | Partial reduction | +300 | 36 | Reduction | +400 | 3 | Strong reduction | +600 | 0 | Disinfection | +800 | 0 | Sterilization | i ### 6-log kill in under 10 seconds Holding ORP above roughly +700 mV delivers a 6-log pathogen reduction in less than ten seconds of contact — the basis for the disinfection barrier used in food-safety and post-harvest applications. Dose Efficiency ## Why does it take less oxidant? Typical dose ratios by contaminant class. Source: Jenfitch technical documentation. Contaminant class | Mineral oxychloride dose | Reference | Inorganics | <1.0 mg/L per mg/L | Chlorine typically ~6 mg/L | Pathogens | 1.0 mg/L per 1,000–10,000 mg/L | Highly leveraged | Organics | 1.0–8.0 mg/L per mg/L | Varies with load | Pathogen Efficacy ## Salmonella inactivation vs. hypochlorite. In a 30-minute contact test starting from a heavy challenge of 2.0×107 CFU/mL of Salmonella enterica, JC 9465 at just 2 ppm matched what sodium hypochlorite required 100 ppm to achieve — roughly a fiftyfold difference in dose. Salmonella enterica, 30-min contact, 2.0×10⁷ CFU/mL start. Source: Jenfitch efficacy testing. Treatment | Dose | Log reduction | JC 9465 | 2 ppm | 6.60 log | Sodium hypochlorite | 10 ppm | 2.02 log | Sodium hypochlorite | 100 ppm | 6.49 log | Across biofilms, bacteria, viruses, and spores, the technology is reported 12–24× more effective than chlorine. By The Numbers ## Why do operators choose it? 2.8–2.9 V Oxidation potential — above ozone <1% Of the cost of an ozone system for equivalent oxidation 6× Shelf life vs. sodium hypochlorite (6 months vs. ~30 days) 12–24× More effective than chlorine on biofilm & pathogens Ozone & Chlorine, Replaced ## Why skip the ozone system? ### No gas to generate or handle Ozone must be generated on site and dissolved into water, with the capital, power, and safety burden that implies. Mineral oxychloride ships as a stable liquid that meters straight into the stream — at less than one percent of the cost of an equivalent ozone installation. ### A residual that ozone can’t leave Ozone dissipates almost immediately, so it offers no protection against recontamination. The mineral-oxide by-products of this chemistry are mildly biocidal and persist as a residual barrier — useful for cooling loops, reuse water, and mussel control alike. ### Longer shelf life than hypochlorite The product holds a six-month shelf life versus roughly thirty days for sodium hypochlorite — a 6× improvement that reduces waste, restocking, and dosing drift. ### Far lower dose than chlorine On inorganics the product works at under 1.0 mg/L per mg/L where chlorine can need about 6 mg/L, and it reaches sterilization-grade ORP where chlorine cannot go. Approvals ## Is it registered and organic-approved? - EPA FIFRA registered — JC 9465 registered under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (2020). - USDA NOP Organic certified — JC 9465 certified under the National Organic Program, 7 CFR Part 205 (2021). - USEPA water approved — cleared for water treatment applications. - NSF/ANSI Standard 60 certified — JC 9450 certified for drinking-water treatment at a maximum dose of 84 mg/L. JC 9465 Applications ## Where is this technology applied? ### Cooling Towers Bacteria and organic deposits can lower heat-transfer rates significantly. JC 9465 helps prevent biofouling and scale; ORP control at +400 to +500 mV supports CFU below 100. Learn more ### RO Systems Serves as pre- and post-treatment to prevent biofouling — a high-strength oxidant in the same family as ozone but at much lower capital and operating cost. Learn more ### Biofilm Destroys extra-polymeric substance (EPS) at ORP levels above +600 mV, removing the biofilm that protects pathogens across water, wastewater, and oil & gas. Learn more ### Control E. coli & Salmonella Achieves 6-log removal of E. coli and eliminates salmonella in less than 10 seconds of contact by generating hydroxyl radical ions. Learn more ### In-Field / Post-Harvest Disinfection Using ORP between +650 mV and +750 mV, JC 9465 creates a disinfection barrier for field harvesting and post-harvest operations. Learn more ### Reducing Mold & Mildew Oxidative energy penetrates mold and mildew without leaving residue on treated surfaces. Learn more ### Increasing Shelf Life Reduces bacteria and mold that cause spoilage, inactivating organisms without changing taste and supporting longer produce life. Learn more ### Disinfectant A liquid disinfectant delivering rapid pathogen inactivation for food products, produce handling, and process water. Learn more ### Ice-Making System Treatment JC 9465 raises the ORP of water used to make ice, providing oxidative energy as the ice melts to help inactivate organic pathogens. Learn more ### Control Citrus Cankers Applied in agricultural settings to help control citrus cankers and reduce pathogen pressure on crops. Learn more Questions ## How does mineral oxychloride work? How can a liquid match the oxidation of ozone? Oxidation power is set by oxidation potential, not by physical state. Mineral oxychloride carries weakly bound oxygen that releases a family of reactive oxygen species — including the hydroxyl radical — on contact, giving it a 2.8–2.9 V potential above ozone’s 2.07 V. It achieves that as a stable liquid rather than a gas that must be generated on site. How is the dose controlled? By oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in millivolts. Kill efficacy tracks ORP rather than parts-per-million alone, so the program is metered to a target barrier, for example above +700 mV for a 6-log disinfection barrier, giving predictable, repeatable results. The chemistry only became controllable this way once modern ORP instruments arrived late in the twentieth century, even though the underlying mineral oxychloride idea was first explored in the early 1900s. Is it approved for drinking water and organic use? Yes. JC 9465 is EPA FIFRA registered (2020), USDA NOP Organic certified (2021, 7 CFR Part 205), and USEPA water approved. JC 9465 and JC 9450 are NSF/ANSI Standard 60 certified for drinking water at a maximum dose of 84 mg/L. Does it leave a residual like chlorine, or dissipate like ozone? It leaves a residual. The mineral-oxide by-products of the reaction are mildly biocidal and resist recontamination, something ozone cannot do because it dissipates almost immediately, while remaining below FDA limits. Those by-products form because the reaction is effectively catalytic: the weakly bound oxygen atoms release on contact with water and contaminants, and what remains in the water is mineral oxide rather than an unreacted chemical feed. How does the cost compare to an ozone system? For equivalent oxidation, the delivered cost is under one percent of a conventional ozone system, with no gas generation, no on-site handling of a hazardous gas, and a six-month shelf life versus roughly thirty days for sodium hypochlorite. The chemistry delivers ozone-class oxidation as a ready-to-use liquid, so nothing has to be dissolved into the water as a gas and no generator has to be bought, powered, or maintained. --- ## What Is ROS — and How It Cuts Costs | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/what-is-ros-cuts-costs Home / Blog / What Is ROS — and How It Cuts Treatment Costs Research # What Is ROS — and How It Cuts Treatment Costs By Charles Jennings · Jenfitch, Inc. Reactive oxygen species are short-lived oxidizing radicals, superoxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, hydroperoxyl, and peroxide, generated by the mineral oxychloride chemistry in JC 9465. Because they oxidize cell walls, enzymes, and DNA simultaneously, they lower TOC, THMs and HAA5s, taste and odor, algae, and biofilm. Dose is controlled by ORP in millivolts. Last updated 26 September 2026 Jenfitch, Inc. of Walnut Creek, CA developed JC 9465, an advanced oxidant that uses mineral oxychloride technology to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). The same chemistry is sold as JC 9450 for municipal and technical service; both products are certified to NSF/ANSI/CAN Standard 60 at a maximum dose of 84 mg/L. JC 9465 electrochemical potential compared with common oxidants. ## What is ROS? Reactive oxygen species are short-lived oxidizing radicals and molecules. Mineral oxychloride generates five: superoxide (O2−), hydroxyl radical (OH·), singlet or nascent oxygen (1O2), hydroperoxyl (HO2−), and peroxide (H2O2). They are not selective, and that is the point. A single-target biocide gives an organism something to adapt around; a mixed radical population oxidizing cell walls, enzymes, and DNA at once does not. ### What they do in a plant - Lowering TOC (total organic carbon) - Reducing THMs and HAA5s - Eliminating taste and odors - Controlling harmful algal blooms - Improving coagulation and flocculation - Eliminating biofilm formation - Enhancing primary disinfectant effectiveness ## How does the chemistry release oxygen? JC 9465 is a liquid chelation of minerals with oxygen, written generically as MxOxClt. The oxygen is weakly bound, so when the complex meets organics, sulfides, a cell wall, or the polysaccharide matrix of a biofilm, it releases oxygen atoms on contact. Those released atoms are the ROS. Sodium hypochlorite alone gives NaOCl → HOCl + OCl− + OH·. Add the mineral catalyst and the same starting material yields the mineral complexes as well, at far higher radical yield. The reaction is effectively catalytic, and the mineral-oxide by-products are mildly biocidal, so a treated system resists recontamination. Those by-products fall below FDA limits. Full chemistry is on the mineral oxychloride technology page. Dose is controlled by ORP in millivolts, not ppm, because ORP measures the oxidizing work the water can still do. The ORP-to-CFU benchmark chart gives the relationship: +200 mV leaves roughly 300 CFU/100 mL, +300 mV about 36, +400 mV about 3, and +600 mV is disinfection. ## Oxidation potential comparison Oxidation potential decides what an oxidant can and cannot break. JC 9465 runs at 2.8–2.9 V, second only to fluorine and on par with the hydroxyl radical itself. Oxidation potential of common oxidants, ranked Oxidant | Potential (V) | Fluorine | 3.06 | JC 9465 mineral oxychloride | 2.8–2.9 | Hydroxyl radical | 2.80 | Ozone | 2.07 | Chlorine dioxide | 1.57 | Chlorine | 1.36 | Sodium hypochlorite | 0.94 | Fluorine is not a water-treatment reagent, so in practice mineral oxychloride tops that list. The gap that matters is the one over ozone — 2.8–2.9 V against 2.07 V, delivered as a liquid instead of a gas. Against biofilm, bacteria, viruses, and spores it runs 12–24 times more effective than chlorine. ## Where does the cost come out? Ozone-class oxidation without dissolving a gas in water. That sentence is the entire cost argument. ### Capital Equivalent oxidation from a conventional ozone system costs over a hundred times more; JC 9465 comes in under 1% of that capital. No generator, no oxygen feed, no contactor basin, no off-gas destruct. You buy a liquid instead of building a plant. ### One chemical instead of a program Most sites carry an oxidizing biocide, a non-oxidizing biocide on alternation, a dispersant, and often a separate algaecide. An ORP-controlled program does that work from one drum, on one pump, against one setpoint — fewer SKUs, fewer safety data sheets, and no guessing which product produced which result. The side-by-side against chlorine covers where the substitution holds. ### Dose ratios Feed rate is where it pays against chlorine, which needs roughly 6 mg/L per mg/L of inorganic demand. JC 9465 dose ratios by demand type Demand | Dose ratio | Inorganics | Under 1.0 mg/L per mg/L (chlorine: roughly 6 mg/L) | Pathogens | 1.0 mg/L per 1,000–10,000 mg/L | Organics | 1.0–8.0 mg/L per mg/L | ### Shelf life and installation JC 9465 holds six months. Sodium hypochlorite degrades in about 30 days, faster in heat — six times the shelf life means bulk buying without chasing strength loss, and no dead stock to write off. The install is a metering pump, a storage tank, and an optional ORP controller: under 30 minutes on most sites, no civil work, no shutdown. A metering pump, a tank, and an ORP setpoint replace a generator, a contactor, and an off-gas destruct unit. ## What does it save downstream? The chemical line item is the smallest part of the return. - Southern California Edison has cited electricity savings above 20% on cooling systems kept free of biofilm. Biofilm fouls a heat-transfer surface about 300% worse than calcium carbonate scale. - Feeding ROS ahead of an existing ozone train has let a utility avoid a replacement project valued at over $20 million while cutting bromate, TOC, TTHMs, and HAA5s — see enhancing ozone systems with ROS. - Controlling biofilm removes the shelter anaerobic bacteria use to pit metal, slowing corrosion and the asset replacement behind it — see the biofilm and biodispersant program for cooling systems. ## Plant-scale results At a 10 mgd Northern California surface-water plant dosing 8–10 mg/L: - Settled water turbidity 0.70 to 0.21 NTU; filtered water turbidity 0.06 to 0.02 NTU - Filtered water TOC 2.2 to 1.1 mg/L, removal reaching 70% against a previous 52% - Bromate 18 to under 1.0 µg/L, against a state and federal limit of 10 - Ozone generator operation 110%+ down to 40% of rated capacity, cutting energy 50–60% and chlorine 40% - Taste and odor complaints 15+ down to zero Biofilm and algae growth stopped and sludge dewatered more easily. Results depend on source water and existing treatment. ## Frequently asked questions What are reactive oxygen species in water treatment? Short-lived oxidizing radicals and molecules — superoxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, hydroperoxyl, and peroxide. Mineral oxychloride generates them by releasing weakly bound oxygen atoms on contact with organics, sulfides, cell walls, and biofilm. Because they hit several targets at once, organisms do not develop resistance to them. How does JC 9465 compare with ozone? JC 9465 runs at 2.8–2.9 V against 2.07 V for ozone. The practical difference is form: ozone is generated on site and dissolved as a gas, while JC 9465 is a ready-to-use liquid. Equivalent oxidation costs under 1% of conventional ozone capital, and unlike ozone it leaves a residual. How much JC 9465 do I dose? It depends on the demand. Inorganic demand takes under 1.0 mg/L per mg/L, where chlorine typically needs roughly 6 mg/L. Pathogens run about 1.0 mg/L per 1,000 to 10,000 mg/L, organics 1.0 to 8.0 mg/L per mg/L. In practice you set an ORP target and let the controller trim feed. What ORP should I hold? Work from the ORP-to-CFU relationship, not a ppm target. At +200 mV roughly 300 CFU/100 mL survive, at +300 mV about 36, at +400 mV about 3, and +600 mV is disinfection. Above +700 mV you get a 6-log reduction in under 10 seconds. Barriers are normally set at +650 to +750 mV. What equipment does it take to feed? A chemical metering pump, a storage tank, and an ORP controller if you want automatic trim. Most installations run inside 30 minutes. There is no generator, contactor, oxygen feed, or off-gas destruct to build, which keeps the exposure small enough to pilot without a capital project. Charles Jennings Owner & General Manager, Jenfitch, Inc. Charles leads the technical, regulatory, and field work behind Jenfitch's mineral oxychloride, coagulant, and metal-removal chemistry. Reach him at charles@jenfitch.com or (925) 289-3559. --- ## Coagulation & Flocculation Chemicals | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/coagulation-and-flocculation Home / How We Help / Coagulation & Flocculation # Coagulation & Flocculation Coagulants and flocculants for potable, industrial, and wastewater systems — neutralizing charge and building dense, fast-settling floc for cleaner water and better liquid-solid separation. Coagulation and flocculation are the two steps that clear water. A coagulant neutralizes the like charges that hold suspended particles apart, then flocculation binds those destabilized particles into dense, fast-settling floc. Jenfitch supplies JC 1687, a cationic organic/inorganic coagulant that builds a dense particle and improves the settling of precipitates in potable, industrial, and wastewater systems. Approved, certified & independently validated EPA FIFRA Registered USDA Organic Certified NSF/ANSI Standard 60 UC Davis University of Washington Special Pathogen Laboratory Montana State University Sawtooth Ag Research GreenAgri Solutions Southern California Edison Goleta Water District The Fundamentals ## What are coagulation and flocculation? ### Coagulation Suspended particles in water carry a like electrical charge, so they repel one another and stay in suspension — keeping the water turbid. A coagulant neutralizes that charge, letting the destabilized particles begin to come together instead of pushing apart. ### Flocculation Once the charge is neutralized, flocculation binds the particles into larger, denser aggregates — floc — that settle quickly. The denser the floc, the faster and cleaner the separation in clarifiers, filters, and dewatering equipment. i ### Jenfitch coagulant: JC 1687 JC 1687 is a cationic organic/inorganic coagulant that builds a dense particle and markedly improves the settling of precipitates — the same product used in our metal-removal programs to drop out precipitated copper and zinc. Why It Matters ## Why does denser floc lower cost? Charge neutralization followed by dense-floc formation is what turns cloudy, solids-laden water into a clear supernatant and a compact, dewaterable sludge. Getting the floc right lowers turbidity, cuts filter loading, and reduces the volume of sludge a plant has to handle and dispose of. By increasing molecular weight and neutralizing charged particles, our coagulants improve settled-water clarity while lowering both dissolved and insoluble total organic carbon — a direct benefit to downstream disinfection and reuse. See JC 1687 in the metal-removal program The Process ## How does a Jenfitch program come together? - Characterize the water — identify the particle charge, turbidity, organic load, and any precipitates that need to settle. - Neutralize the charge — dose the cationic coagulant (JC 1687) to destabilize suspended particles. - Build the floc — a flocculant binds the destabilized particles into dense, fast-settling aggregates. - Separate the solids — capture the floc in the clarifier, filter, or dewatering system for a clear effluent and a compact sludge. - Optimize the dose — tune chemistry to the stream to hold quality targets at the lowest cost. Three paths ## Cleaner water, lower organics, better separation. ### Potable Water We offer chemicals that improve filtered water quality, lower TOC, eliminate taste & odor, lower TTHMs and HAA5s, increase filter optimization, and lower treatment cost. - Lower THMs and HAA5s by adding absorption sites for precursor removal. - Improve settled and finished water turbidity by increasing particle density and settling rates. - Lower dissolved and insoluble total organic carbon. ### Wastewater For sludge processing and tertiary filtration operations, we offer a select group of organic/inorganic coagulants and organic flocculants that are cost effective. - Improve settling and clarity in secondary clarifier and filter effluent. - Increase drainage and liquid-solid separation in dewatering systems. ### Water Reuse Using our technology, we lower contaminants and provide environmentally safe water for reuse, remove biofilm, and improve water quality. - Improve settled water and clarity by increasing molecular weight and neutralizing charged particles. - Control biofilm through proprietary process treatment technology. Applications ## Where does coagulation and flocculation earn its keep? ### Potable water clarification Improve settled and finished-water turbidity, lower organic carbon, and reduce disinfection by-product precursors ahead of the filters. ### Wastewater solids Sharpen settling and clarity in secondary clarifiers and tertiary filtration, and improve drainage in dewatering systems. ### Industrial process water Clarify recycle and process streams so they can be reused, cutting fresh-water draw and discharge volume. ### Metal-precipitate settling Pair JC 1687 with the JC 9830 metal precipitant to settle copper-sulfide and other metal precipitates cleanly in the clarifier. Case Study ## A new coagulant improves water quality. In the Jenfitch case study “New Coagulant Improves Water Quality,” introducing a new coagulant improved clarity and settling performance — the same cationic coagulant chemistry that pairs with JC 9830 to remove dissolved metals downstream. The takeaway is consistent across sites: matching coagulant chemistry to the water, rather than defaulting to a generic dose, produces denser floc, clearer water, and lower operating cost. Ask us about a jar test Questions ## Coagulation & flocculation, explained. What is the difference between coagulation and flocculation? Coagulation neutralizes the electrical charge that keeps suspended particles apart, allowing them to come together. Suspended particles carry a like charge, so they repel one another and stay in suspension, keeping the water turbid. Flocculation then binds those destabilized particles into larger, denser floc that settles quickly. Coagulation destabilizes; flocculation aggregates. The denser the floc, the faster and cleaner the separation in clarifiers, filters, and dewatering equipment. What coagulant does Jenfitch use? JC 1687, a cationic organic/inorganic coagulant that builds a dense particle and markedly improves the settling of precipitates. It is used both in clarification programs and, paired with JC 9830, in metal removal, where it drops out precipitated copper and zinc. Building a denser particle means the floc settles faster, which lowers turbidity, cuts filter loading, and reduces the volume of sludge a plant has to handle and dispose of. Can this help me meet turbidity and TOC targets? Yes. By increasing particle density and settling rate and by neutralizing charged particles, the program improves settled and finished-water turbidity and lowers both dissolved and insoluble total organic carbon, which also reduces THM and HAA5 precursors. Charge neutralization followed by dense-floc formation is what turns cloudy, solids-laden water into a clear supernatant and a compact, dewaterable sludge, so filters see less loading and the plant handles less sludge. How does this connect to metal removal? The same JC 1687 coagulant settles the metal-sulfide precipitate formed by JC 9830, so coagulation and flocculation is the settling half of the copper- and zinc-removal program. JC 9830 forms the precipitate; JC 1687 neutralizes the charge on those particles and builds them into a dense floc that drops out quickly. Without that second step the precipitated copper and zinc would stay suspended and carry through the clarifier. --- ## Organo-Clay Technology | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/organo-clay-technology Home / How We Help / Organo-Clay Technology # Organo-Clay Technology Adsorption media that pulls oil, grease, and hydrophobic organics out of water — combined with liquid/solid separation to treat streams conventional methods cannot handle economically. Organo-clay is a naturally occurring clay whose surface has been organically modified to attract hydrophobic compounds, so oil, grease and other water-insoluble organics adsorb onto the media as water passes through. Because removal is adsorption rather than filtration, it captures emulsified and dissolved hydrocarbons that a screen or skimmer would miss. Approved, certified & independently validated EPA FIFRA Registered USDA Organic Certified NSF/ANSI Standard 60 UC Davis University of Washington Special Pathogen Laboratory Montana State University Sawtooth Ag Research GreenAgri Solutions Southern California Edison Goleta Water District The Technology ## How does clay grab what water repels? Organo-clay is a naturally occurring clay whose surface has been organically modified so that it strongly attracts hydrophobic compounds — oil, grease, and other organics that do not dissolve in water. As contaminated water passes through the media, those compounds adsorb onto the clay and are held there, while the clarified water passes on. Because the removal mechanism is adsorption rather than filtration alone, organo-clay captures emulsified and dissolved-phase hydrocarbons that a simple screen or skimmer would miss. Jenfitch combines the adsorption media with coagulation and flocculation and liquid/solid-separation chemistry, so suspended solids drop out in the same program — a two-stage approach for streams where filtration or skimming falls short. i ### Where it fits in the train Organo-clay is most valuable as a polishing and pretreatment step — ahead of granular activated carbon or membranes, where a slug of oil would foul or blind the downstream media. It protects and extends the life of that more expensive equipment. ### How organo-clay works Organo-clay media are engineered to absorb oil, grease, and hydrocarbons while our coagulation and separation chemistry drops out suspended solids — a two-stage approach for streams where simple filtration or skimming falls short. The Hard Streams ## Does organo-clay handle oil and grease? Oily wastewater, produced water, and lagoon water carry contaminants that resist conventional treatment. Free oil skims, but emulsified and dissolved hydrocarbons stay in the water and carry through to discharge or foul downstream equipment. Organo-clay adsorption combined with liquid/solid separation brings these streams down to reusable or dischargeable quality — and does it economically enough to run as a standalone step or as pretreatment protecting carbon and membranes. Talk to us about your stream Applications ## Built for the hard streams. ### Oily Wastewater Combines adsorption and liquid/solid separation to treat oil- and grease-laden wastewater to reusable or dischargeable quality. Learn more ### Produced-Water Polishing Removes emulsified and dissolved hydrocarbons from oil & gas produced water that skimming and coarse filtration leave behind. Learn more ### Pretreatment for Membranes & Carbon Strips oil upstream of granular activated carbon or membranes, preventing fouling and extending the life of that media. Learn more What It Removes ## Targeted at hydrophobic contaminants. - Free, emulsified, and dissolved oil that skimmers and coarse filters leave in the water. - Grease and fats from industrial and process wastewater. - Hydrophobic organics and hydrocarbons that resist conventional filtration. - Suspended solids, dropped out by the paired coagulation and separation chemistry. Best used as a polishing or pretreatment stage — ahead of membranes or activated carbon — to protect and extend the life of downstream media. Questions ## What exactly is organo-clay? What does organo-clay actually remove? Oil, grease, and hydrophobic organics, including emulsified and dissolved-phase hydrocarbons that skimming and coarse filtration leave behind. The clay's organically modified surface adsorbs these compounds and holds them out of the water. Because the removal mechanism is adsorption rather than filtration alone, contaminants are captured on the media surface as the water passes through, not merely strained out by particle size, and the clarified water carries on to the next stage. How is it different from activated carbon? Organo-clay is optimized for oil and grease, which can quickly blind activated carbon. In practice the two work together: organo-clay strips the oil first as a pretreatment step, protecting the carbon and extending its life so it can polish the remaining dissolved organics. What streams is it best suited to? Oily wastewater, oil and gas produced water, and lagoon water, the hard-to-treat streams where filtration or skimming alone is not economical. It can run standalone or as pretreatment ahead of membranes and carbon. As a polishing and pretreatment step it sits upstream of granular activated carbon or membranes, where a slug of oil would foul or blind the media, so it protects and extends the life of that more expensive equipment. Does it handle suspended solids too? Yes. Jenfitch pairs the adsorption media with coagulation and flocculation and liquid/solid-separation chemistry, so suspended solids drop out in the same program while the clay captures the hydrophobic organics. It is a two-stage approach built for streams where filtration or skimming falls short: one stage removes the settleable and suspended load, the other holds back the oil, grease, and organics that water repels. --- ## ORP Chart: Target mV by Treatment Process | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/orp-chart Home / Research / ORP Chart # ORP Chart for Different Processes Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), measured in millivolts, is a practical control point for dosing. These are typical target ranges Jenfitch uses across its treatment processes. Oxidation-reduction potential, measured in millivolts, is the control point Jenfitch doses to, because disinfection efficacy tracks oxidizing power rather than the concentration of chemical fed. Typical targets run 200 to 400 mV for sulfide and odor control, 400 to 500 mV in cooling towers, and 650 to 750 mV for disinfection. Approved, certified & independently validated EPA FIFRA Registered USDA Organic Certified NSF/ANSI Standard 60 UC Davis University of Washington Special Pathogen Laboratory Montana State University Sawtooth Ag Research GreenAgri Solutions Southern California Edison Goleta Water District What is ORP? ## Why control by millivolts instead of ppm? Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) is a direct measurement, in millivolts, of a solution's oxidizing power — its actual ability to inactivate organisms and break down contaminants. That is the number that matters. Disinfection efficacy tracks ORP, not simply the concentration of chemical added: the same free-chlorine dose can be far more or far less effective depending on pH, because pH shifts how much of the chlorine exists as the active, high-ORP species. Dosing to a target ORP therefore closes the loop between chemical fed and disinfection actually achieved. Higher ORP means fewer surviving organisms. For a disinfection barrier, Jenfitch targets +650 to +750 mV; at +700 mV, JC 9465 delivers a 6-log kill in under 10 seconds. i ### ppm can mislead; ORP does not Because free-chlorine kill efficacy is pH-dependent, a fixed ppm setpoint can leave a system under- or over-treated as pH drifts. An ORP setpoint measures the result directly and holds it steady. Reference Ranges ## Target ORP by process (mV). Target oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) by treatment process, in millivolts. Scale on the right runs 0 to 1,000 mV. Process | Purpose | Target ORP (mV) | 05001000 | H₂S Control in Wet Scrubbers | Sulfide oxidation in the scrubbing loop | +100 to +300 | | Wastewater Odor & Sulfide Control | Sulfide / odor suppression | +200 to +400 | | Cooling Towers | Biofilm & MIC control | +400 to +500 | | RO Pre / Post-Treatment | Biofouling prevention | +500 to +650 | | Biofilm Destruction (EPS) | Oxidize protective biofilm | +600 to +800 | | Drinking Water Disinfection | Pathogen inactivation | +650 to +750 | | In-Field / Post-Harvest Disinfection | Food-safety barrier | +650 to +750 | | Sterilization | Complete inactivation | Above +800 | | How to cite: Jenfitch, Inc. “Target ORP by process (mV).” ORP Reference Chart, jenfitch.com/orp-chart, updated September 2026. Ranges are typical reference targets and should be confirmed for your specific water chemistry and application. Benchmark ## How does ORP affect surviving organisms? ORP-to-CFU benchmark. As ORP rises, surviving microbial counts fall to zero. ORP (mV) | Surviving CFU / 100 mL | Status | +200 | 300 | Poor control | +300 | 36 | Partial | +400 | 3 | Improving | +600 | 0 | Disinfection | +700 | 0 | 6-log kill in <10 sec | +800 | 0 | Sterilization | Process targets: a disinfection barrier holds +650 to +750 mV; +700 mV delivers a 6-log reduction in under 10 seconds. Confirm targets for your specific water chemistry. Method ## How do you set up ORP-controlled dosing? ORP control is the same eight steps in every process. Pick the band that matches the objective, baseline the water, feed ahead of the filter, and let a controller hold the setpoint instead of metering a fixed ppm. Dose rates are not published because oxidant demand is site-specific and is established during jar testing or a pilot. - Identify the control objective and its ORP band. Decide what the chemistry has to accomplish before choosing a number. Odor and sulfide control in wastewater runs 200 to 400 mV. Cooling-tower biofilm and MIC control runs 400 to 500 mV. RO pre- and post-treatment runs 500 to 650 mV. Biofilm and EPS destruction runs 600 to 800 mV. Drinking-water and post-harvest disinfection runs 650 to 750 mV. Sterilization sits at +800 mV. - Baseline the water before you dose. Record ORP, pH, temperature and, where relevant, iron, manganese, sulfide and organic load on the untreated stream. The baseline tells you how far the water has to move and gives you a reference to judge every later reading against. - Confirm pH sits in the effective range. The chemistry works across pH 4 to 9. ORP readings also shift with pH, so a stable pH makes the millivolt signal trustworthy. If pH swings through the day, log it alongside ORP rather than treating one reading as representative. - Set the feed point ahead of the filter. Feed in front of the filter so oxidised iron, manganese and biofilm fragments have somewhere to be removed. A metering pump, a storage tank and an ORP controller are the whole installation; most systems are in service in under 30 minutes. - Control to the millivolt setpoint, not to a fixed ppm. Enter the target band from step one into the controller and let it modulate the feed. Demand changes hour to hour with load, temperature and organic content, so a fixed ppm either overfeeds or falls short. ORP measures the result rather than the input. - Bring the system up gradually and let ORP stabilise. Raise the setpoint in stages rather than jumping to target. Systems carrying an established biofilm or a high oxidant demand will hold a low ORP at first while that demand is satisfied, then climb. Allow the reading to settle before judging the dose. - Verify against the process objective. Confirm the outcome you actually care about, not just the millivolt reading: plate counts, effluent metals, sulfide at the stack, differential pressure, or heat-transfer efficiency. Log ORP alongside that result so the setpoint can be defended later. - Re-baseline after any process change. New source water, a seasonal load shift, a cleaning event or a change upstream all move oxidant demand. Re-check the baseline and confirm the setpoint still lands where you intend rather than assuming last quarter's number still holds. These steps are the generic ORP-control method. They are not a dose recommendation for a specific system. Confirm setpoints and feed rates for your own water chemistry with a jar test or pilot before full-scale operation. Questions ## Common questions — ORP Why control by ORP instead of ppm? ORP measures oxidizing power directly, which is the actual disinfection result. Free-chlorine efficacy is pH-dependent, so a fixed ppm dose can leave a system over- or under-treated as pH drifts; the same chlorine dose can be far more or far less effective because pH shifts how much of it exists as the active, high-ORP species. An ORP setpoint measures the outcome and holds the result steady. What ORP do I need for disinfection? A disinfection barrier is typically +650 to +750 mV, the range Jenfitch targets. At +700 mV, JC 9465 achieves a 6-log kill in under 10 seconds; +600 mV corresponds to zero surviving CFU in the benchmark, and +800 mV to sterilization. Higher ORP means fewer surviving organisms, so dosing to a millivolt setpoint closes the loop between the chemical fed and the disinfection actually achieved. How does pH fit in? pH governs the balance between active and inactive chlorine species, so it directly affects ORP at a given ppm. The Free Chlorine vs ORP/mV vs pH chart below shows this relationship — and is why measuring ORP is more reliable than measuring dose alone. Charts & Documents ## Download the full technical charts. PDFORP Chart for Different Processes (full PDF)↗ PDFFree Chlorine vs ORP/mV vs pH↗ PDFJC 9465 vs Ozone Comparison Chart↗ PDFJenfitch JC 9465 Tech Sheet↗ --- ## Nature's Cleaners: Biosurfactants | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/natures-cleaners-biosurfactants Home / Blog / Nature's Cleaners: Exploring Biosurfactants for Water Treatment Research # Nature's Cleaners: Exploring Biosurfactants for Water Treatment By Charles Jennings · Jenfitch, Inc. Biosurfactants are surface-active molecules produced by microorganisms, including rhamnolipids from Pseudomonas species, surfactin from Bacillus subtilis and sophorolipids from yeasts. They lower interfacial tension so an oil droplet can be pulled off a surface and held in suspension. They are biodegradable and are used in wastewater treatment, agricultural runoff and contaminated-site cleanup. Last updated 26 September 2026 Nature has its own cleaning power, and in California, where water conservation is vital, we are constantly seeking innovative solutions. One such solution is the use of biosurfactants for water treatment, and its potential is remarkable. ## Unveiling the power of biosurfactants So what exactly are biosurfactants? Picture them as nature's own cleaning crew. These remarkable molecules are produced by microorganisms. They work by reducing the surface tension between liquids, which allows them to grab onto and remove pollutants effectively. ## Why do biosurfactants matter? Using biosurfactant for water treatment in California presents several compelling advantages. They are naturally biodegradable, meaning they break down safely over time. This makes them a much more environmentally friendly option compared to some conventional chemicals. They are also proving highly effective at tackling oil spills and other stubborn contaminants. Picture biosurfactants as nature's own cleaning crew, produced by microorganisms and biodegradable enough to break down safely over time. ## Applications in the Golden State The use of biosurfactant for water treatment is on the rise. You will find them used in various settings, from wastewater treatment plants to helping clean up agricultural runoff, and even for cleaning up contaminated sites. These versatile cleaning agents are making a real difference. ## A cleaner future As California continues to face water challenges, using biosurfactants for water treatment offers a promising path forward. These sustainable and effective cleaning agents are key to a cleaner, healthier future. ## How does a biosurfactant actually work? A surfactant molecule has two ends that want different things: a hydrophilic head that is comfortable in water and a hydrophobic tail that is not. Put enough of them into water and they gather at every interface — air-to-water, oil-to-water, water-to-solid — with their tails pointed away from the water. That is the whole mechanism. Lowering interfacial tension is what lets an oil droplet be pulled off a surface and held in suspension instead of re-coalescing. Biosurfactants do the same job with molecules that microorganisms build for their own purposes. Pseudomonas species produce rhamnolipids; Bacillus subtilis produces surfactin; various yeasts produce sophorolipids. These organisms secrete them to make hydrophobic food sources bioavailable — effectively to emulsify their own dinner. The engineering value is that a molecule evolved to be handled by microbial metabolism is, by construction, one that microbial metabolism can take apart again. The practical consequences follow directly. Biosurfactants generally remain effective across wider temperature, pH, and salinity ranges than comparable synthetic surfactants, they typically show lower aquatic toxicity, and they biodegrade rather than persisting through a treatment plant and into receiving water. The trade-off is cost: fermentation-derived molecules are more expensive to produce per pound than petrochemical surfactants, which is why adoption has concentrated where the environmental profile carries real weight. ## Where are biosurfactants used in water treatment? In remediation, biosurfactants are used to mobilise hydrocarbons and some heavy metals that are bound to soil particles, releasing them into a recoverable aqueous phase — soil washing and enhanced bioremediation both depend on this. In wastewater treatment they assist oil-water separation and can improve the accessibility of hydrophobic contaminants to the biological population. In agricultural runoff management they help mobilise pesticide residues bound to sediment. And in industrial cleaning they appear in clean-in-place formulations where residue and effluent toxicity matter. What they do not do is oxidise. A surfactant moves a contaminant from one phase to another; it does not destroy it. This is the single most important thing to understand when designing a treatment train, because a mobilised contaminant still has to be captured or broken down somewhere downstream. Surfactant chemistry is a separation step, not a destruction step. ## How does Jenfitch approach the same problems? Jenfitch's chemistry addresses these applications through different mechanisms, and it is worth being precise about which does what. For oily wastewater, organo-clay technology is the capture step. Organo-clay is a bentonite whose surface has been modified with a quaternary amine, turning a naturally water-loving mineral into an oil-loving one. It adsorbs free and emulsified hydrocarbon — taking the oil out of the water rather than dispersing it into the water — which is the opposite strategy to a surfactant and is usually the right one when the goal is a compliant discharge. For organic contaminants that need to be destroyed rather than moved, mineral oxychloride supplies a family of reactive oxygen species at an oxidation potential of 2.8–2.9 V — second only to fluorine at 3.06 V, and above ozone at 2.07 V, chlorine dioxide at 1.57 V, chlorine gas at 1.36 V, and sodium hypochlorite at 0.94 V. Dosing is to an ORP setpoint, with a working pH range of 4–9. The ORP reference chart gives the targets by process. For suspended and colloidal solids, the coagulant and flocculant line handles charge neutralisation and particle capture, and the metal removal programme handles dissolved metals through sulfide precipitation — a field application removed 94% of dissolved copper and roughly 70% of zinc, bringing effluent to below 1.4 ppb against a 3.1 ppb permit limit. Biosurfactants are a genuinely useful and genuinely green technology, and for mobilising bound hydrocarbon they can be the right tool. But most California water problems that get described as a cleaning problem are really an oxidation, adsorption, or precipitation problem, and the honest answer is usually a combination. If you are weighing options, the treatment overview and the research library are the place to start, or get in touch and we will tell you plainly which mechanism your water actually needs. ## Frequently asked questions What is a biosurfactant? A surface-active molecule produced by a microorganism rather than synthesised from petrochemicals. Common examples include rhamnolipids from Pseudomonas species, surfactin from Bacillus subtilis, and sophorolipids from various yeasts. Microorganisms make them to emulsify hydrophobic food sources. In water treatment they work by reducing the surface tension between liquids, which lets them grab onto and remove pollutants, and they are biodegradable enough to break down safely over time. Are biosurfactants better than synthetic surfactants? They generally biodegrade more readily, show lower aquatic toxicity, and tolerate wider temperature, pH, and salinity ranges. They are more expensive to produce per pound, which is why adoption concentrates where the environmental profile carries real weight. In practice that means settings such as wastewater treatment plants, agricultural runoff cleanup, and contaminated site remediation, where breaking down safely over time is worth more than the lowest price per pound. Do biosurfactants destroy contaminants? No. A surfactant moves a contaminant from one phase to another; it does not break it down. Mobilised contaminants still have to be captured or destroyed downstream, so surfactant chemistry is a separation step rather than a destruction step. A surfactant molecule has two ends, one that associates with water and one that associates with oil, which is what lets it lift and carry a pollutant without altering it. What does Jenfitch use instead for oily wastewater? Organo-clay, a bentonite surface-modified with a quaternary amine so that it adsorbs free and emulsified hydrocarbon. It removes oil from the water rather than dispersing it into the water, which is usually the right strategy when the goal is a compliant discharge. Which technology is right for my water? It depends on whether the contaminant needs to be oxidised, adsorbed, precipitated, or coagulated, and most real problems need a combination. Bench and jar testing is the normal first step before any full-scale recommendation. Testing the actual water matters because the same contaminant behaves differently depending on what else is present, and those results set the dose and the sequence before anything is scaled up. Charles Jennings Owner & General Manager, Jenfitch, Inc. Charles leads the technical, regulatory, and field work behind Jenfitch's mineral oxychloride, coagulant, and metal-removal chemistry. Reach him at charles@jenfitch.com or (925) 289-3559. --- ## Copper & Heavy Metal Removal in Wastewater | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/metal-removal Home / How We Help / Metal Removal # Metal Removal Heavy-metal programs that lower dissolved copper and zinc, convert hexavalent chrome to trivalent, and bring difficult municipal and industrial effluent below stringent discharge limits. Metal removal programs from Jenfitch, Inc. pair JC 9830, a precipitant that forms copper sulfide, with JC 1687, a cationic coagulant, to lower dissolved metals in municipal and industrial effluent. In a one-year full-scale Northern California trial, both dosed at 10 mg/L, 94 percent of dissolved copper and about 70 percent of zinc were removed. Approved, certified & independently validated EPA FIFRA Registered USDA Organic Certified NSF/ANSI Standard 60 UC Davis University of Washington Special Pathogen Laboratory Montana State University Sawtooth Ag Research GreenAgri Solutions Southern California Edison Goleta Water District Field Results ## Measurable metal reduction. 94% Dissolved copper removed 70% Dissolved zinc removed <1.4 ppb Effluent copper (limit 3.1 ppb) Cr⁶→Cr³ Hexavalent chrome converted ### Meet discharge limits without rebuilding your plant Jenfitch metal-removal programs lower dissolved copper and zinc, convert hexavalent chrome to trivalent, and reduce other heavy metals in wastewater — helping plants hold NPDES limits by adding targeted chemistry rather than making wholesale process changes. See the copper-removal study Case Study — Sierra Foothills, N. California ## From over-limit to non-detect. A full-scale municipal wastewater plant in the Sierra foothills of Northern California was exceeding its 3.1 ppb dissolved-copper discharge limit, with influent copper ranging from 28 to more than 70 ppb. A Water-Effect Ratio study confirmed the limit applied. Over a one-year full-scale trial, Jenfitch dosed JC 9830 — a metal precipitant that forms copper sulfide — at 10 mg/L into the aeration-basin discharge, paired with JC 1687, a cationic coagulant, at 10 mg/L at the secondary-clarifier inlet. The result: 94% of dissolved copper and about 70% of dissolved zinc removed, effluent copper below 1.4 ppb, and non-detect (<0.5 ppb) results in other trials. Discuss a metals program Trial Data ## Copper and zinc removal, sampled through the year. Full-scale trial, Northern California WWTP. JC 9830 @ 10 mg/L + JC 1687 @ 10 mg/L. Source: Jenfitch case study. Sample date | Influent Cu (ppb) | Effluent Cu (ppb) | Cu removal | Zn removal | Mar 11 | 35 | 2.0 | 94.3% | 68.9% | Mar 15 | 28 | 1.6 | 94.3% | 79.8% | Mar 30 | 58 | 1.4 | 97.6% | 76.0% | Aug 16 | 46 | 3.8 | 91.7% | 56.3% | All effluent copper results held at or below the 3.1 ppb discharge limit, with several trials reaching non-detect at <0.5 ppb. The Chemistry ## Why does sulfide precipitation beat hydroxide? ### Hydroxide is amphoteric Metal hydroxide is amphoteric — it re-dissolves at both low and high pH, so removal is only reliable in a narrow window (the optimum for copper sits around pH 8.1). It also generates excessive, hard-to-dewater sludge and can be blocked entirely by natural chelating agents in the water. ### Sulfide is robust Copper sulfide precipitates across a broad pH range, has far lower solubility, and drops out as a dense, easy-to-dewater sludge — delivering higher removal and working even where chelating agents defeat hydroxide precipitation. That is why JC 9830 forms a sulfide rather than a hydroxide. i ### Hexavalent chrome, made safer The same program reduces toxic hexavalent chrome (Cr⁶) to the far less hazardous trivalent form (Cr³), which then precipitates and is removed with the other metals. Applications ## Which metals can you control? ### Dissolved Copper & Zinc Sulfide precipitation plus cationic coagulation and flocculation removes dissolved copper and zinc to meet stringent NPDES discharge limits — 94% Cu and ~70% Zn in field trials. ### Hexavalent Chrome Conversion Convert toxic hexavalent chrome (Cr⁶) to the far less hazardous trivalent form (Cr³) for safe handling and removal. Learn more ### Industrial & Plating Wastewater Programs for electroplating, metal finishing, and industrial streams carrying mixed heavy-metal loads, including chelated metals that resist hydroxide precipitation. Learn more The Two Products ## How do precipitant and coagulant work together? JC 9830 ### Metal precipitant Forms an insoluble metal sulfide that drops dissolved copper, zinc, and other heavy metals out of solution across a broad pH range. - Dosed at 10 mg/L into the aeration-basin discharge - Denser, lower-solubility precipitate than hydroxide - Works where chelating agents block hydroxide removal JC 1687 ### Cationic coagulant Neutralizes particle charge and builds a dense, fast-settling floc so the metal-sulfide precipitate captures cleanly in the clarifier. - Dosed at 10 mg/L at the secondary-clarifier inlet - Improves settling of the precipitated metals - Also used in Jenfitch coagulation & flocculation programs Questions ## How does metal removal work? How low can dissolved copper go? In the Northern California full-scale trial, effluent copper held below 1.4 ppb against a 3.1 ppb limit, and several trials reached non-detect at under 0.5 ppb, a 94% dissolved-copper reduction alongside roughly 70% dissolved-zinc removal. The site was a municipal wastewater plant in the Sierra foothills with influent copper ranging from 28 to more than 70 ppb, and the result was sustained across a one-year full-scale trial rather than a short pilot. Why use a sulfide instead of a hydroxide? Metal hydroxide is amphoteric, so it re-dissolves at low and high pH and only works in a narrow band around pH 8.1 for copper; it also makes excessive, hard-to-dewater sludge and fails when chelating agents are present. Copper sulfide precipitates over a broad pH range, has lower solubility, dewaters more easily, and works even where hydroxide precipitation is blocked. What about hexavalent chrome? The program reduces hexavalent chrome, Cr(VI), to trivalent chrome, Cr(III), which is far less hazardous and precipitates for removal with the other metals. Chrome conversion runs as part of the same heavy-metal program that lowers dissolved copper and zinc, so a plant already treating for copper does not need a separate train. The converted trivalent form leaves with the settled solids instead of staying dissolved in the effluent. Do I have to change my process? No. The program adds two dosing points, JC 9830 at the aeration-basin discharge and JC 1687 at the secondary-clarifier inlet, so plants can hit discharge limits without wholesale process changes. JC 9830 is a metal precipitant that forms copper sulfide, and JC 1687 is a cationic coagulant. In the Northern California trial each was dosed at 10 mg/L, letting the plant hold its NPDES limit by adding targeted chemistry rather than rebuilding. --- ## Struvite & Vivianite Control in Wastewater | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/struvite-and-vivianite-control Home / How We Help / Struvite & Vivianite Control # Struvite & Vivianite Control Prevent, control, and remove struvite and vivianite scale wherever it forms — digesters, pumps, overflow lines, and dewatering systems — before it restricts flow and drives up maintenance cost. Struvite is magnesium ammonium phosphate and vivianite is an iron phosphate; both crystallize in anaerobic digestion and dewatering, hardening on pipe walls, pump volutes, and heat exchangers until flow is restricted. Jenfitch chemistry modifies the structure before crystals form and dissolves existing deposits in digesters, overflow lines, and dewatering systems without aggressive mechanical cleaning. Approved, certified & independently validated EPA FIFRA Registered USDA Organic Certified NSF/ANSI Standard 60 UC Davis University of Washington Special Pathogen Laboratory Montana State University Sawtooth Ag Research GreenAgri Solutions Southern California Edison Goleta Water District The Problem ## Which two minerals choke a plant? ### Struvite Struvite is magnesium ammonium phosphate — a hard, crystalline scale that forms when phosphate, ammonia, and magnesium concentrate in anaerobic digestion and dewatering. It builds on pipe walls, pump volutes, and heat-exchanger surfaces, narrowing bores and fouling equipment. ### Vivianite Vivianite is an iron phosphate that precipitates where phosphate meets iron in the same anaerobic environments. Like struvite, it deposits on the surfaces solids move across — digesters, recycle lines, and dewatering gear — and hardens into a flow-restricting scale. ### Prevent formation Using our advanced technology, we prevent the formation of struvite or vivianite by modifying its chemical structure before it can crystallize and create operational restrictions. ### Control & removal Jenfitch has developed technology that removes struvite and vivianite wherever it forms in your system. Whether it is building in your digester, the overflow line, or the dewatering system, we can effectively solve the problem. Before After The Problem, Solved ## From choked to clear. Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate) and vivianite build hard mineral deposits that narrow pipes, foul pumps, and cut throughput in digesters and dewatering equipment. Left untreated, it means emergency shutdowns, jetting, and lost capacity. Jenfitch chemistry targets the deposit at the molecular level — preventing new scale and dissolving what has already formed — restoring full flow without aggressive mechanical cleaning. Talk to us about your system Why It Happens ## What is the chemistry behind the scale? Anaerobic digestion and the dewatering that follows release phosphate and ammonia into solution and concentrate metals such as magnesium and iron. As these ions meet — and as pressure drops and turbulence rises at pumps, valves, and elbows — the dissolved species crystallize onto surfaces as struvite or vivianite. The reaction feeds on itself: once a nucleus forms, scale grows steadily, narrowing the flow path and increasing turbulence, which drives still more deposition. i ### The operational cost Scale on digester walls, mixers, and heat exchangers cuts efficiency and capacity; scale in overflow and recycle lines restricts flow and causes backups. Left untreated it forces emergency shutdowns, high-pressure jetting, chemical descaling, and premature equipment replacement — all unplanned maintenance and lost throughput. How It Works ## A three-step control program. ### Assess We analyze your water chemistry and pinpoint where and why struvite or vivianite is forming in your process. ### Treat A targeted Jenfitch program modifies the chemical structure to prevent crystallization and dissolve existing deposits. ### Maintain Ongoing dosing keeps digesters, overflow lines, and dewatering systems clear — protecting throughput and equipment. Where It Forms ## Where do these deposits usually form? ### Digesters Scale on walls, mixers, and heat exchangers reduces efficiency and capacity. ### Overflow & recycle lines Narrowed lines and elbows restrict flow and cause backups. ### Pumps & valves Deposits on volutes and seats foul pumps and valves, driving vibration, wear, and failures. ### Dewatering systems Scale on centrifuges, presses, and their piping cuts capture and drives up maintenance downtime. The Benefit ## Protect equipment, cut downtime. - Restore full flow without aggressive high-pressure jetting or acid descaling. - Protect capital equipment — digesters, pumps, heat exchangers, and dewatering gear. - Reduce unplanned downtime and the emergency-maintenance cost that comes with it. - Prevent recurrence with ongoing dosing that stops new scale before it crystallizes. Questions ## What are struvite and vivianite? What is the difference between struvite and vivianite? Struvite is magnesium ammonium phosphate; vivianite is an iron phosphate. Both form in the anaerobic digestion and dewatering stages of a wastewater plant when phosphate and ammonia combine with metals, and both deposit as hard, flow-restricting scale. Struvite crystallizes where phosphate, ammonia, and magnesium concentrate, building on pipe walls, pump volutes, and heat-exchanger surfaces. Vivianite precipitates where phosphate meets iron, depositing on digesters, recycle lines, and dewatering gear. Why does it form in my plant? Anaerobic digestion and dewatering release phosphate and ammonia and concentrate magnesium and iron. Where those ions meet — especially at pumps, valves, and elbows where pressure drops and turbulence rises — they crystallize onto surfaces and the scale grows on itself. Can Jenfitch remove scale that has already formed? Yes. The program both prevents new formation by modifying the chemical structure before it can crystallize and dissolves existing deposits, restoring full flow without aggressive mechanical cleaning, wherever it forms, from the digester to the dewatering system. That covers overflow lines, pumps, and dewatering gear as well, so scale that has already narrowed a bore can be cleared while the same chemistry keeps new crystals from setting up again. How do you keep it from coming back? After assessing where and why the scale is forming and treating the existing deposits, ongoing dosing keeps digesters, overflow lines, pumps, and dewatering systems clear, protecting throughput and equipment over the long term. Prevention works by modifying the chemical structure before struvite or vivianite can crystallize, so the maintenance dose addresses the conditions that created the deposit rather than waiting for the next restriction to appear. --- ## Industrial Water Treatment | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/industrial-water-treatment Home / Blog / Industrial Water Treatment: A Key to Sustainable Manufacturing Industrial # Industrial Water Treatment: A Key to Sustainable Manufacturing By Charles Jennings · Jenfitch, Inc. Industrial water treatment is a set of processes that remove contaminants from water used for cooling, processing, and cleaning in manufacturing. Methods include filtration, chemical treatment, biological treatment, and disinfection. In California, effective treatment protects machinery, maintains product quality, enables reuse, lowers operating cost, and keeps plants compliant with environmental discharge regulations. Last updated 26 September 2026 Industrial water treatment in California has become a crucial aspect of sustainable manufacturing processes. With increasing environmental regulations and the growing need for water conservation, factories and plants are now prioritizing efficient water treatment systems that ensure water used in industrial operations is treated, reused, or safely discharged without causing harm. Jar testing across treatment stages shows the change in water clarity. ## What is industrial water treatment? Industrial water treatment involves a series of processes designed to remove contaminants from water used in industrial settings. This can include treating water for cooling, processing, or even cleaning purposes. The goal is to maintain water quality standards that protect machinery, improve product quality, and minimize environmental impact. ## What are the key treatment methods? Several techniques are commonly used in industrial water treatment: - Filtration: removes suspended solids and particles. - Chemical treatment: uses chemicals to neutralize contaminants and control pH levels. - Biological treatment: employs microorganisms to break down organic matter. - Disinfection: eliminates harmful pathogens through methods like chlorination or UV treatment. ## Why does California industrial water treatment matter? Implementing effective industrial water treatment reduces water consumption by enabling reuse, reduces operational costs, and ensures compliance with environmental regulations. In California, where water scarcity is a significant concern, adopting advanced water treatment methods is vital for industries aiming for long-term sustainability. In California, where water scarcity is a significant concern, adopting advanced water treatment methods is vital for industries aiming for long-term sustainability. ## Moving forward with sustainable practices Industrial water treatment not only supports environmental stewardship but also enhances efficiency and profitability in industrial operations. As industries continue to evolve, incorporating innovative water treatment technologies will be essential to meet regulatory demands and promote responsible resource management. ## What four problems does every system have? Industrial water treatment sounds like one discipline, but on any given site it is really four separate problems that happen to share piping. Confusing them is the most common reason a treatment programme underperforms, because each responds to a different mechanism and no single chemical addresses all four. Suspended and colloidal solids are a charge problem. Fine particles carry like charges and repel each other, so they will not settle no matter how long the clarifier detention time is. The fix is charge neutralisation with a coagulant followed by bridging with a flocculant — the work described under coagulation and flocculation. Jar testing is how the right product and dose are found; there is no way to calculate it from a water analysis alone. Dissolved metals are a solubility problem. Copper, zinc, nickel, and hexavalent chromium pass straight through a filter because they are in solution. They have to be converted to an insoluble form before anything can remove them. Sulfide precipitation produces metal sulfides that are far less soluble than the corresponding hydroxides and are stable across a wider pH range — the approach described under metal removal. A Northern California application removed 94% of dissolved copper and roughly 70% of zinc, bringing effluent to below 1.4 ppb against a 3.1 ppb permit limit. Oil and hydrocarbon are a phase problem. Free oil skims, but emulsified and dissolved hydrocarbon does not, and it will not respond to a coagulant alone. Organo-clay — bentonite surface-modified with a quaternary amine — adsorbs both, which is why it is used as a polishing step ahead of carbon in oily wastewater trains. Biology and organics are an oxidation problem, and this is where most sites lose money without realising it. ## What does biological fouling actually cost? Biofilm is the most expensive contaminant on most industrial sites because its cost is hidden in the utility bill rather than itemised on a compliance report. Its thermal conductivity is roughly 0.6 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, against 2.6 for calcium carbonate and 2.3 for calcium sulfate scale — about 300% worse for heat transfer than the mineral scale operators actually inspect for. A film too thin to notice can cost more approach temperature than visible scale. Southern California Edison has documented electricity savings of 20% or more where cooling-system fouling is properly controlled. Underneath the film sits microbiologically influenced corrosion, where sulfate-reducing bacteria in the anaerobic layer at the metal surface drive the pitting that eventually costs a condenser tube. And biofilm is the reservoir that shelters Legionella pneumophila from a conventional halogen programme — a liability question as much as an efficiency one. ## Oxidation potential and ORP control Mineral oxychloride delivers a family of reactive oxygen species — superoxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, hydroperoxyl, and peroxide — at an oxidation potential of 2.8–2.9 V. Oxidant | Oxidation potential (V) | Fluorine | 3.06 | JC 9465 mineral oxychloride | 2.8–2.9 | Hydroxyl radical | 2.80 | Ozone | 2.07 | Chlorine dioxide | 1.57 | Chlorine gas | 1.36 | Sodium hypochlorite | 0.94 | The control variable is oxidation-reduction potential, not ppm. ORP measures the oxidising work the water can actually perform, so it self-corrects for changing organic load, cycles of concentration, and process contamination. The ORP reference chart has the full set; the working targets are below. Process | Target ORP | Wastewater odour and sulfide control | 200–400 mV | H₂S control in wet scrubbers | +100 to +300 mV | Cooling towers (biofilm & MIC) | 400–500 mV | RO pre- and post-treatment | 500–650 mV | Biofilm / EPS destruction | 600–800 mV | Disinfection | 650–750 mV | Sterilization | +800 mV | As rules of thumb: inorganic demand takes under 1.0 mg/L of product per 1.0 mg/L of contaminant; pathogens take 1.0 mg/L per 1,000–10,000 mg/L; organics take 1.0–8.0 mg/L per 1.0 mg/L; and H₂S takes roughly 1 mg/L per 2.0 mg/L of sulfide. Effective pH range is 4–9. Installation is a metering pump, a storage tank, and an optional ORP controller — typically under 30 minutes. ## Reuse, discharge, and California's regulatory reality Water reuse is where these four problems converge. Every recycle loop concentrates whatever the previous pass did not remove, so a site that recycles without addressing dissolved metals or biological load simply arrives at the same problem faster and at higher concentration. Successful reuse programmes are built around identifying which of the four mechanisms limits the loop and treating that one properly, rather than adding a general-purpose chemical and hoping. On the discharge side, NPDES permit limits for metals in California are frequently in the parts-per-billion range, which is below what hydroxide precipitation reliably achieves — another reason sulfide chemistry gets specified. Sites that need to reduce chemical inventory and handling risk should note that JC 9465 is EPA FIFRA registered as a biocide and algaecide, and that the same chemistry is certified to NSF/ANSI/CAN Standard 60 for drinking-water treatment, as both JC 9465 and JC 9450, at a maximum dose of 84 mg/L. It also carries a six-month shelf life against roughly 30 days for liquid chlorine, which materially changes on-site storage planning. By sector: Industrial & Cooling Towers, Municipal & Utilities, Food & Agriculture, and Oil & Gas. Supporting studies are in the research library, and the how we help page maps problems to mechanisms. ## Frequently asked questions What is the difference between coagulation and flocculation? Coagulation neutralises the like charges that keep fine particles repelling each other. Flocculation then bridges the destabilised particles into larger aggregates that settle or filter. Both steps are needed, and the correct products and doses are established by jar testing. Why does biofilm matter more than scale? Biofilm has a thermal conductivity of about 0.6 W per m per K, against 2.6 for calcium carbonate and 2.3 for calcium sulfate. That makes it roughly 300% worse for heat transfer than mineral scale, so a film too thin to see can cost more approach temperature than visible scale. Why dose to ORP instead of ppm? ORP measures the oxidising work the water can actually perform, so it self-corrects for changing organic load, cycles of concentration, and process contamination. A fixed ppm dose does not, and it will be wrong whenever conditions change. Oxidation-reduction potential is read in millivolts, giving operators a real-time control point that ties feed rate directly to disinfection performance. Feeding to a millivolt setpoint lets the pump follow demand instead of holding a concentration chosen for one operating condition. How are dissolved metals removed to parts-per-billion limits? By sulfide precipitation. Metal sulfides are far less soluble than the corresponding hydroxides and remain stable across a wider pH range. A Northern California application removed 94% of dissolved copper and about 70% of zinc, reaching effluent below 1.4 ppb against a 3.1 ppb permit limit. What is the first step in evaluating a treatment programme? Bench and jar testing on the actual water. Water analysis alone does not determine the right product or dose, and a bench test is the cheapest way to find out what the system really needs before committing to a pilot. Charles Jennings Owner & General Manager, Jenfitch, Inc. Charles leads the technical, regulatory, and field work behind Jenfitch's mineral oxychloride, coagulant, and metal-removal chemistry. Reach him at charles@jenfitch.com or (925) 289-3559. --- ## How JC 9465 Removes Biofilm | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/jc9465-removes-biofilm Home / Blog / How JC 9465 Removes Biofilm and Boosts Efficiency Industrial # How JC 9465 Removes Biofilm and Boosts Efficiency By Charles Jennings · Jenfitch, Inc. JC 9465 is a strong oxidizer that generates reactive oxygen species to remove biofilm and improve system efficiency in water treatment. Built on mineral oxychloride chemistry first developed in the early 1900s, it reaches an oxidation potential of 2.8 to 2.9 volts, against 2.07 for ozone and 0.94 for sodium hypochlorite. Last updated 26 September 2026 JC 9465 is a new strong oxidizer that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) to remove biofilm and improve system efficiency in water treatment. Based on research into mineral oxychloride chemistry first developed in the early 1900s, it delivers a high concentration of oxidative energy for effective, low-cost disinfection. Before and after: algae overgrowth on clarifier weirs eliminated after treatment. ## How did the company develop? - Jenfitch, Inc. was formed in 2008 to manufacture and market water treatment chemicals. - JC 9465 is a new strong oxidizer, based around the research on mineral oxychloride chemistry that was first developed in the early 1900's. In the late 20th century, tools to measure this technology became commercially available, and JC 9465 has been commercially available since 2013 for proof of concept studies, plant trials, and laboratory studies, and is currently in the marketplace. - Mr. Charles Jennings, owner and General Manager, is leading the research and marketing teams to develop JC 9465. Influence of pH on chlorine and chlorine-dioxide kill performance. ## JC 9465: a new oxidant JC 9465 is a new oxidative technology for generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) that simulate an advanced oxidation process (AOP) as a tool to measure disinfection effectiveness in water treatment solutions. In the past, water treatment professionals have been looking for ways to provide safe drinking water effectively. Ozone versus JC 9465 across handling, cost, and performance. ## What does JC 9465 offer? Today the World Health Organization recommends that water is safe at an ORP greater than +750 mV. The laws currently being written recommend the use of the Langelier Index (LI) to monitor corrosion and water quality, using Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) as a way of maintaining safe water standards. Current EPA guidelines are being discussed to include ORP measurement (as mV) and LI as a matrix for water quality control. JC 9465 is a low-cost producer of hydroxyl radical ions. It is a very strong oxidant with a high concentration of oxidative energy, and it has a higher oxidation potential (volts) versus the chemical footprint of other oxidants. ### Electrochemical oxidation potential (volts), a measurement of oxidizing strength - JC 9465: 2.8–2.9 V - Ozone: 2.07 V - Sodium hypochlorite: 0.94 V - Chlorine dioxide: 1.57 V - Chlorine gas: 1.36 V Where JC 9465 fits in a conventional water-treatment process. ## Why is ORP important to disinfection? - Measures energy available for disinfection - Measures contact time required for disinfection - Optimizes treatment based on system demand This benchmark is based on using free available chlorine and reflects only a 4-log reduction versus time. Electrochemical potential of JC 9465 among common oxidants. ## How does JC 9465 compare to chlorine? JC 9465 can achieve a six-log reduction in less than 10 seconds at 700+ mV or higher. - JC 9465 can achieve a six-log reduction in less than 10 seconds at 700+ mV or higher. - JC 9465 outperforms chlorine at a lower dosage (using ORP and dosage as measurement). - JC 9465 is not pH dependent and has a higher ORP, going beyond chlorine at equivalent dosages. By comparison, chlorine takes too long to kill pathogens, requires more chlorine for less results, and is an explosive gas and corrosive. ### Handling properties of JC 9465 - Liquid requires rubber gloves, face shield, and a shirt with sleeves - Corrosive in undiluted form, and will freeze - Six-month shelf life versus 30 days for NaHOCl ## How is it installed? Installation of this technology takes less than 30 minutes and requires no additional equipment. - Simple to use and monitor - Low capital investment - Easy installation and used in multiple applications in the water treatment facility A metering pump and drum are set at the injection site with regular containment. ## Let's get started Plant trial partnerships: - Municipal water treatment pilot - Wastewater treatment pilots - Desalination studies - Water recycle and reuse projects Pilot study partnerships: - Controlling biofilm in the distribution system - Lowering or reducing the formation of TTHMs and HAA5s - Lowering or reducing iron and manganese - Lowering or eliminating taste and odor complaints - Eliminating the influence of zebra mussels Earning Contact Time (CT) credit as a primary disinfectant. ## Summary - We want to run more pilot studies in water systems impacted by THMs and HAA5s. - We are looking for water plants with taste and odor complaints. - We want to demonstrate biofilm removal. - We want to do a study on removing zebra mussels. Charles Jennings Owner & General Manager, Jenfitch, Inc. Charles leads the technical, regulatory, and field work behind Jenfitch's mineral oxychloride, coagulant, and metal-removal chemistry. Reach him at charles@jenfitch.com or (925) 289-3559. --- ## JC 9465 Biofilm Biodispersant | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/jc9465-biofilm-biodispersant-cooling Home / Blog / JC 9465 as a Biofilm Biodispersant in Cooling Systems Cooling Towers # JC 9465 as a Biofilm Biodispersant in Cooling Systems By Charles Jennings · Jenfitch, Inc. JC 9465 is an advanced oxidizing biocide and biodispersant that controls biofilm in industrial cooling systems where chlorine alone fails. Its electrochemical oxidation potential of 2.8 to 2.9 volts exceeds ozone at 2.07 and chlorine gas at 1.36, so it attacks the extracellular polymeric gel that spends free chlorine before it reaches the attached cells. Last updated 26 September 2026 Biofilms, colonies of microbial cells and the extracellular polymers they produce, are a critical but often underestimated factor in industrial water treatment. JC 9465 is an advanced oxidizing biocide and biodispersant engineered to control them where chlorine alone fails. Biofilm formation: initial attachment, permanent attachment, and biopolymer production. ## What is a biofilm? A biofilm comprises microbial cells (algal, fungal, or bacterial) and the extracellular biopolymer they produce. Bacterial biofilms present the greatest concern for industrial cooling water systems because they require minimal nutrients to grow. Corrosion cell: anode and cathode reactions under a deposit. ## What problems do biofilms cause? - Reduced heat transfer efficiency - Equipment fouling - Corrosion acceleration - Scale formation - Blockage of flow in cooling tower fill areas ### Thermal conductivity comparison Biofilm insulates heat exchange surfaces far more than mineral scale. Its thermal conductivity is only 0.6 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, compared with CaCO₃ at 2.6 and CaSO₄ at 2.3. Biofilm's thermal conductivity is just 0.6 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, compared with 2.6 for CaCO₃ and 2.3 for CaSO₄ scale. Corrosion cell development beneath a biofilm tubercle. ## Control methods - Oxidizing microbiocides such as chlorine, bromine, peracetic acid, and ozone - Nonoxidizing microbiocides such as polyquats and others - Biodispersants and enzyme technologies Autocatalytic corrosion-cell development. ## JC 9465 specifications JC 9465 is an advanced oxidizing biocide with a superior electrochemical oxidation potential (volts, standard electrode potential): - JC 9465: 2.8–2.9 V - Ozone: 2.07 V - Chlorine gas: 1.36 V - Sodium hypochlorite: 0.94 V The product has proven effective across paper, cooling water, food and beverage, utilities, and oil and gas applications where chlorine alone failed. Electrochemical potential of mineral oxychloride versus common oxidants. ## Why does chlorine fail against established biofilm? Free chlorine is a perfectly capable disinfectant in bulk water. The problem is that a mature biofilm is not bulk water. The extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) the colony secretes is a hydrated gel that consumes oxidant at its surface, so the chlorine is spent long before it reaches the cells anchored to the metal underneath. Operators see the symptom constantly: residual holds at the setpoint in the basin, plate counts look acceptable, and the heat exchanger keeps losing approach temperature anyway. Raising the chlorine residual to force penetration trades one problem for another. Higher free chlorine attacks tower fill, gaskets, and mild steel, drives up halogen demand, and increases the corrosion rate on the same surfaces the program is supposed to protect. Mineral oxychloride takes a different route. It carries an oxidation potential of 2.8–2.9 V — second only to fluorine at 3.06 V, and on par with the hydroxyl radical at 2.80 V — and it delivers that potential as a family of reactive oxygen species rather than as a single halogen. Superoxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, hydroperoxyl, and peroxide each attack different bonds in the EPS matrix, which is why the film disperses instead of merely being disinfected on its outer face. ## Where does mineral oxychloride rank among oxidants? Oxidant | Oxidation potential (V) | Fluorine | 3.06 | JC 9465 mineral oxychloride | 2.8–2.9 | Hydroxyl radical | 2.80 | Ozone | 2.07 | Chlorine dioxide | 1.57 | Chlorine gas | 1.36 | Sodium hypochlorite | 0.94 | In cooling-tower service that difference has been measured as roughly 12 to 24 times the effectiveness of chlorine. It is also the reason a single product can do the work that would otherwise be split between an oxidising biocide, a non-oxidising biocide on alternating slug doses, and a separate biodispersant. Our side-by-side comparison with chlorine and the comparison with ozone set out the operating and capital differences in more detail. ## What does biofilm cost a cooling system? The thermal argument is the one that gets a plant manager's attention. A biofilm layer is about 300% worse for heat transfer than an equivalent thickness of calcium carbonate scale — thermal conductivity of roughly 0.6 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ against 2.6 for CaCO₃ and 2.3 for CaSO₄. A film thin enough that an operator would not notice it on an inspection can therefore cost more approach temperature than visible scale. That penalty shows up on the electricity bill. Southern California Edison has documented electricity savings of 20% or more where cooling-system fouling is properly controlled, because the chiller no longer has to compensate for degraded heat transfer. Underneath the film there is a second cost: microbiologically influenced corrosion. Sulfate-reducing bacteria sheltering in the anaerobic zone at the metal surface drive the pitting that eventually takes a condenser tube out of service, and no amount of bulk-water residual reaches them while the EPS is intact. The third cost is the one nobody wants to discuss in a meeting. Biofilm is the reservoir that protects Legionella pneumophila from a conventional halogen program. Testing at Special Pathogen Laboratory in Pennsylvania recorded a 6-log Legionella reduction in under 10 seconds at an ORP above +700 mV — see the Legionella field results and our note on breaking the transmission chain. ## Dosing and ORP control in a cooling loop JC 9465 is dosed to an oxidation-reduction potential setpoint, not to a fixed ppm. ORP measures how much oxidising work the water can actually do, so it accounts for organic load, makeup-water quality, and cycles of concentration automatically — a fixed ppm does not. The ORP reference chart gives the full set of process targets. Objective | Target ORP | Routine cooling-tower control (biofilm & MIC) | 400–500 mV | Active biofilm / EPS destruction | 600–800 mV | RO pre- and post-treatment | 500–650 mV | Disinfection | 650–750 mV | Sterilization | +800 mV | A typical program runs the loop at 400–500 mV for routine control and steps up to the 600–800 mV band for a cleanup pass on a system that already has an established film. The working pH range is 4–9, which covers essentially every open recirculating tower. Installation is straightforward: a metering pump, a storage tank, and an optional ORP controller, typically commissioned in under 30 minutes. As a rule of thumb for pathogen control, 1.0 mg/L of product treats 1,000–10,000 mg/L of organism load; for inorganic demand the ratio is under 1.0 mg/L per 1.0 mg/L of contaminant. JC 9465 is EPA FIFRA registered as a biocide and algaecide. The same mineral oxychloride chemistry is certified to NSF/ANSI/CAN Standard 60 for drinking-water treatment as both JC 9465 and JC 9450, at a maximum dose of 84 mg/L. For the wider industrial picture, see Industrial & Cooling Towers and the related work on removing biofilm and controlling filamentous growth. ## Frequently asked questions Does JC 9465 replace both the biocide and the biodispersant? In most open recirculating systems, yes. Mineral oxychloride oxidises the extracellular polymer that holds the film together while simultaneously killing the organisms inside it, so a separate dispersant slug is usually unnecessary. Systems with heavy process contamination or unusual organic loading should still be bench tested first. What ORP should a cooling tower run at? 400 to 500 mV for routine biofilm and MIC control. For a cleanup pass on a system with an established film, run 600 to 800 mV until the film releases, then drop back to the maintenance band. ORP works as the control variable because it reflects the oxidising power actually present in the loop, so a controller can hold the band automatically instead of relying on a fixed feed rate that drifts with load and blowdown. Will it damage tower fill, gaskets, or mild steel? The program is run at a controlled ORP setpoint rather than at an elevated halogen residual, so it does not require the high free-chlorine levels that attack fill and elastomers. The effective pH range is 4 to 9. As with any oxidant program, verify material compatibility for your specific system before start-up. How long does installation take? A typical install is under 30 minutes. It consists of a metering pump, a storage tank, and an optional ORP controller tied to the existing loop. Because the chemistry arrives as a ready-to-use liquid, there is no gas generator to install and no change to the cooling tower itself, so the work is limited to mounting the pump, siting the tank, and setting an injection point on piping that is already there. Is JC 9465 registered for cooling-tower use? JC 9465 is EPA FIFRA registered as a biocide and algaecide. The same chemistry is certified to NSF/ANSI/CAN Standard 60 for drinking-water treatment as both JC 9465 and JC 9450, to a maximum dose of 84 mg/L. The two product codes are the same mineral oxychloride chemistry carried on different registration paths, so the choice between them follows from which approval an application needs rather than from any difference in the liquid itself. Charles Jennings Owner & General Manager, Jenfitch, Inc. Charles leads the technical, regulatory, and field work behind Jenfitch's mineral oxychloride, coagulant, and metal-removal chemistry. Reach him at charles@jenfitch.com or (925) 289-3559. --- ## Legionellosis: Breaking the Chain | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/legionellosis-breaking-the-chain Home / Blog / Legionellosis: Breaking the Chain of Infection Disinfection # Legionellosis: Breaking the Chain of Infection By Charles Jennings · Jenfitch, Inc. Legionellosis is controlled by controlling biofilm, where roughly 90 percent of Legionella bacteria reside rather than in the water stream. Jenfitch mineral oxychloride chemistry, delivered as JC 9465, attacks that reservoir directly, generating hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen ions and achieving a six-log reduction in under 10 seconds at ORP levels above 700 millivolts. Last updated 26 September 2026 Legionellosis remains one of the most dangerous waterborne threats in modern building and industrial water systems. Breaking the chain of infection means controlling the biofilm where the bacteria hide and multiply. Legionella bacteria, the cause of legionellosis. ## A brief history Legionnaires' disease traces back to a 1976 American Legion convention in Philadelphia, where 221 people fell ill and 34 died. The CDC identified the bacterium Legionella in 1977. Cases in the U.S. have grown nearly 450 percent since 2000. The causative chain of legionellosis. ## What does the disease do? Two conditions result from Legionella infection: Legionnaires' disease, a potentially fatal pneumonia, and Pontiac Fever, a mild flu-like illness. Symptoms appear 2 to 10 days after exposure and may include cough, shortness of breath, fever, chills, headaches, muscle aches, and gastrointestinal illness. The WHO reports a 12 percent fatality rate in Europe. ### Transmission and risk Infection occurs through aerosolized water droplets less than five microns in diameter, produced by showerheads, hot tubs, cooling towers, and fountains. High-risk populations include people over 50, smokers, and those with compromised immunity. Breaking the causative chain with JC 9465. ## The critical challenge: biofilm Approximately 90 percent of Legionella bacteria reside in biofilm rather than in the water stream. Biofilms provide protection and enable bacterial multiplication, particularly in warm water systems, with an optimum temperature of 37°C (98.6°F). Within biofilms, Legionella can infect amoebae, gaining enhanced resistance to treatments. Approximately 90 percent of Legionella bacteria reside in biofilm rather than in the water stream. ORP level versus bacterial count in treated water. ## How does mineral oxychloride break the chain? Controlling Legionella means controlling biofilm. Jenfitch's mineral oxychloride chemistry, delivered through the JC 9465 product, is engineered to attack biofilm directly. It: - Achieves a 6-log reduction of legionellosis in less than 10 seconds at ORP levels above +700 mV - Generates hydroxyl radical ions and singlet oxygen ions - Has an electrochemical oxidation potential of 2.8–2.9 V, compared to ozone at 2.07 V and sodium hypochlorite at 0.94 V - Holds NSF approval, EPA biocide registration, and USDA Organic certification ## What is the growth window? Legionella grows between 20 and 50°C, with an optimum around 37°C. That is the normal condition of a cooling-tower basin, a warm-water riser, a stagnant branch line, or a mixing-valve outlet. Temperature control rarely closes that window. Towers run inside it by design, and a hot-water system that is hot enough at the heater is seldom hot enough at the far end of the loop. ## Why is biofilm the control point? Work at the Center for Biofilm Engineering at Montana State University puts roughly 90% of the Legionella in a system inside the biofilm rather than in the water. Biofilm-grown Legionella is more resistant to disinfectants than planktonic cells, and the film harbours free-living amoebae the bacteria infect and shelter inside. So a program built around a planktonic count and a bulk-water residual can read compliant and still produce a case. The bottle sees the fraction that has sloughed off; the dose is spent on the outer face of an EPS gel it never penetrates. Every result is true; the reservoir underneath is untouched. Take the film apart and the habitat, the amoebal host, and the resistance mechanism go with it — the same logic behind JC 9465 as a biofilm biodispersant. ## What does ORP do to the reservoir? Testing at Special Pathogen Laboratory in Pennsylvania recorded a 6-log Legionella reduction in under 10 seconds with the water held above +700 mV, and elimination of legionellosis in most systems in under four hours. Those are ORP conditions, not ppm conditions. ORP against surviving bacterial count ORP | Bacteria (CFU / 100 mL) | +200 mV | 300 | +300 mV | 36 | +400 mV | 3 | +600 mV | 0 — disinfection | +800 mV | 0 — sterilization | Full process targets are on the ORP reference chart; field results are in the Legionella case study. ## The same film is costing heat transfer Biofilm on a heat-transfer surface is about 300% worse than the same thickness of calcium-carbonate scale, and ASHRAE notes that a fouling factor of just 0.001 can cut efficiency by around 10%. A film too thin to see on inspection is already on the power bill; Southern California Edison has cited electricity savings of 20% or more where fouling is properly controlled. Underneath it, the anaerobic zone at the metal surface shelters the bacteria that drive pitting corrosion. Legionella risk, lost heat transfer, and MIC are three symptoms of one condition. More in our cooling tower and scrubber research. ## Setpoints, monitoring, and verification For routine biofilm and MIC control in an open recirculating tower, hold 400–500 mV. That is a maintenance band: enough potential to stop a film establishing, without a halogen residual high enough to attack fill, gaskets, and mild steel. A remediation event is different. An established film, or a positive result, needs the higher setpoint: the 600–800 mV band to break down EPS, and above +700 mV for the kill rates recorded at Special Pathogen Laboratory. Drop back to the maintenance band once the film releases. - Trend ORP continuously on the recirculating line, not as spot readings - Log excursions below setpoint — that is when the film rebuilds - Sample dead legs, low-flow branches, and warm risers, not only the easy tap - Keep culture work as verification; the ORP trend is the control loop See also Industrial & Cooling Towers. ## Frequently asked questions Where does Legionella actually live in a cooling tower? Roughly 90% of it lives inside biofilm on wetted surfaces rather than in the circulating water, according to work at the Center for Biofilm Engineering at Montana State University. Biofilm-grown Legionella is also more resistant to disinfectants, and the film harbours amoebae the bacteria infect and shelter inside. What water temperature does Legionella grow at? Legionella grows between 20 and 50°C, with an optimum around 37°C. That covers cooling-tower basins, warm-water risers, stagnant branch lines, and mixing-valve outlets. Cooling towers operate inside that band by design, so temperature control alone will not close the growth window. What ORP is needed to control Legionella? Special Pathogen Laboratory in Pennsylvania recorded a 6-log Legionella reduction in under 10 seconds with the water held above +700 mV, and elimination of legionellosis in most systems in under four hours. Routine cooling-tower biofilm and MIC control runs lower, at 400–500 mV. Why do Legionella samples come back negative when the system still has a problem? Because the bottle samples the water and the organism lives in the film. A planktonic count sees only the fraction that has sloughed off, while the reservoir on the wetted surfaces stays intact and reseeds the water continuously. Biofilm, not the count, is the control point. Does biofilm affect anything other than Legionella risk? Yes. Biofilm on a heat-transfer surface is about 300% worse than the same thickness of calcium-carbonate scale, and ASHRAE notes a fouling factor of just 0.001 can cut efficiency by around 10%. The anaerobic zone beneath it also drives pitting and microbiologically influenced corrosion. Charles Jennings Owner & General Manager, Jenfitch, Inc. Charles leads the technical, regulatory, and field work behind Jenfitch's mineral oxychloride, coagulant, and metal-removal chemistry. Reach him at charles@jenfitch.com or (925) 289-3559. --- ## Knocking Down Wastewater Foam | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/knocking-down-foam-jc9465 Home / Blog / Knocking Down Foam in Wastewater with JC 9465 Wastewater # Knocking Down Foam in Wastewater with JC 9465 By Charles Jennings · Jenfitch, Inc. Wastewater foam is driven by filamentous bacteria such as Nocardia and Microthrix parvicella and by the extracellular polymeric substances that stabilize it. JC 9465, a mineral oxychloride solution operating at 2.8 to 2.9 volts, oxidizes those filaments and the surface-active organics holding the bubble wall together, while preserving beneficial floc-forming microbes. Last updated 26 September 2026 Foam is one of the most stubborn operational challenges in wastewater treatment. It carries solids into the effluent, disrupts secondary clarification, creates odor problems, and even poses safety hazards for operators. ## What causes wastewater foam? Foam develops from filamentous bacteria such as Nocardia and Microthrix parvicella, along with EPS (Extra Polymeric Substances)—sticky compounds that stabilize biofilms and make foam persistent. Because these substances resist conventional treatment, foam often returns even after operators knock it down. ## The solution: JC 9465 JC 9465 is a mineral oxychloride solution that delivers a family of reactive oxygen species at an oxidation potential of 2.8–2.9 V — on par with the hydroxyl radical itself at 2.80 V, and well clear of ozone (2.07 V) or sodium hypochlorite (0.94 V). That reactivity is what lets it break down the structures that make foam persistent. Foam is a symptom. Oxidise the filaments and the surface-active organics holding the bubble wall together and the foam has nothing left to stand on. ### How it works - Disrupts the EPS matrix that stabilizes foam - Selectively targets foam-causing filamentous bacteria - Preserves beneficial floc-forming microbes - Provides residual oxidative protection ### Demonstrated performance The same oxidation that collapses foam also attacks the biofilm and extracellular polymeric substance holding filamentous growth together. Dosing to an ORP setpoint in the 600–800 mV range is the practical target for biofilm and EPS destruction, rather than dosing to a fixed ppm. ## How does it beat traditional methods? Unlike water sprays, defoamers, or chlorination, JC 9465 addresses the root causes of foam with longer-lasting results and fewer environmental risks. ## Why does foam keep coming back? Most foam control on a wastewater plant is symptom management. Spray water knocks the head down for a shift. A silicone or polyglycol defoamer collapses the bubble film chemically, but it does nothing to the organisms generating the surfactant, and it adds an oxygen-demanding load the plant then has to treat. Chlorination kills what it can reach in the bulk liquor, but filamentous organisms in a foam layer are physically shielded by the hydrophobic cell wall and the sticky extracellular polymer that binds the mat together. That is the reason foam is persistent rather than merely recurring. Nocardia (now more often reported as Gordonia) and Microthrix parvicella both carry mycolic-acid cell walls that make the cells float, and both excrete extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that stabilise the bubble wall. Until the EPS matrix is broken, the mat traps gas, floats solids, and re-forms as soon as the mechanical knockdown stops. Any treatment that does not oxidise the polymer is treating the foam and not the cause. ## What chemistry knocks the foam down? JC 9465 is a mineral oxychloride that delivers a family of reactive oxygen species — superoxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, hydroperoxyl, and peroxide — at an oxidation potential of 2.8–2.9 V. That places it second only to fluorine (3.06 V) and on par with the hydroxyl radical itself (2.80 V), well clear of ozone at 2.07 V, chlorine dioxide at 1.57 V, chlorine gas at 1.36 V, and sodium hypochlorite at 0.94 V. Oxidant | Oxidation potential (V) | Fluorine | 3.06 | JC 9465 mineral oxychloride | 2.8–2.9 | Hydroxyl radical | 2.80 | Ozone | 2.07 | Chlorine dioxide | 1.57 | Chlorine gas | 1.36 | Sodium hypochlorite | 0.94 | The practical significance is not just the number. A single-species halogen attacks a narrow set of bonds; a mixed ROS population attacks many at once, which is what allows the polymer matrix to be depolymerised rather than simply disinfected on its outer surface. The same mechanism is described in the work on biofilm removal and on eliminating filamentous organisms, because foaming and biofilm are two expressions of the same EPS problem. ## Dosing to ORP, not to ppm Foam control is dosed to an oxidation-reduction potential setpoint. ORP is a direct measurement of the oxidising work the liquor can do, so it self-corrects for changes in organic load, industrial contributions, and return-flow strength; a fixed ppm dose does not. The full set of targets is on the ORP reference chart. Objective | Target ORP | Odour and sulfide control | 200–400 mV | Biofilm / EPS destruction | 600–800 mV | Disinfection | 650–750 mV | For foam, the objective sits in the EPS-destruction band. As a rule of thumb, 1.0 mg/L of product addresses 1,000–10,000 mg/L of organism load, while organic demand runs 1.0–8.0 mg/L of product per 1.0 mg/L of contaminant. The effective pH window is 4–9, which covers normal mixed-liquor and digester supernatant chemistry. Dose points are usually the aeration-basin surface where the mat accumulates, the RAS or WAS line, and any return flow that is reseeding the basin. ## Selectivity and what to expect The reason a controlled ORP setpoint matters is selectivity. Filamentous organisms have a much higher surface-area-to-volume ratio than a compact floc particle, so at a controlled dose they take the oxidative hit first while the floc-forming population survives. Overdosing removes that advantage and damages the biology the plant depends on, which is exactly why the setpoint — not the pump stroke — is the control variable. Operators should expect the mat to thin and release rather than vanish instantly, and should plan for the released solids to report to the clarifier. The residual oxidative capacity carried into the basin also helps with the odour complaints that usually accompany a foam event, since the same chemistry drives sulfide control in the 200–400 mV band. Installation is minimal: a metering pump, a storage tank, and an optional ORP controller, typically commissioned in under 30 minutes. JC 9465 is EPA FIFRA registered as a biocide and algaecide. The same mineral oxychloride chemistry is certified to NSF/ANSI/CAN Standard 60 for drinking-water treatment as both JC 9465 and JC 9450, at a maximum dose of 84 mg/L. For the plant-wide picture see Municipal & Utilities and the municipal and industrial research library. ## Frequently asked questions What causes foam in an activated sludge plant? Filamentous organisms such as Nocardia (Gordonia) and Microthrix parvicella, whose mycolic-acid cell walls make them float, combined with the extracellular polymeric substances they excrete, which stabilise the bubble wall and hold the mat together. Because those sticky substances resist conventional treatment, foam often returns even after operators knock it down, so the visible mat is a symptom of the filament and polymer population rather than the problem itself. Why do defoamers only work temporarily? A defoamer collapses the bubble film but leaves the organisms and the extracellular polymer intact, so the mat re-forms. It also adds an oxygen-demanding load the plant then has to treat. Water sprays share the same limitation. Anything that acts only on the bubble wall leaves the filamentous growth and the polymer matrix that stabilise it in place, so the foam has everything it needs to rebuild. What ORP should I run for foam control? Foam control sits in the biofilm and EPS destruction band, 600 to 800 mV. Odour and sulfide control runs lower, at 200 to 400 mV. Dose to the ORP setpoint rather than to a fixed ppm, because ORP reflects the oxidising power actually present in the mixed liquor, while a fixed ppm feed rate says nothing about how much of that dose the water has already consumed. Will JC 9465 harm the floc-forming biology? At a controlled ORP setpoint, filamentous organisms take the oxidative hit first because of their much higher surface-area-to-volume ratio, while compact floc survives. Overdosing removes that selectivity, which is why the setpoint is the control variable. The chemistry is intended to target foam-causing filamentous bacteria while preserving beneficial floc-forming microbes, so holding the band matters more than the total volume fed. Where should the product be dosed? Typically at the aeration-basin surface where the mat accumulates, on the RAS or WAS line, and on any return flow that is reseeding the basin. Effective pH range is 4 to 9, which covers normal activated-sludge operation. Dosing the return streams matters because a basin that is continuously reseeded with filaments will foam again even after the surface mat has been knocked down. Charles Jennings Owner & General Manager, Jenfitch, Inc. Charles leads the technical, regulatory, and field work behind Jenfitch's mineral oxychloride, coagulant, and metal-removal chemistry. Reach him at charles@jenfitch.com or (925) 289-3559. --- ## Eliminating Filamentous Bulking | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/eliminating-filamentous-jc9465 Home / Blog / Eliminating Filamentous Sludge Bulking with JC 9465 Wastewater # Eliminating Filamentous Sludge Bulking with JC 9465 By Charles Jennings · Jenfitch, Inc. Filamentous sludge bulking is controlled by dosing JC 9465 into the return activated sludge line, where it breaks down the extra polymeric substances holding sludge up. At one test site, 25 to 30 mg/L normalized settling within seven to ten days without super-chlorination or reseeding. In six years of trials, dense EPS biofilm, not filaments, was often the cause. Last updated 26 September 2026 Sludge bulking remains one of the most persistent challenges in small and mid-sized wastewater treatment facilities, particularly during seasonal shifts that affect the food-to-microorganism (F/M) ratio, nitrogen-to-phosphorus (N/P) ratio, and temperature. These operational changes often trigger the overgrowth of filamentous organisms or biofilms, leading to poor sludge settling, high sludge volume index (SVI), and inefficiencies in the secondary clarifier. In recent years, a promising solution has emerged: reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially hydroxyl radical ions, which offer a more targeted and effective approach to breaking down biofilm structures. One ROS-based treatment, JC 9465, has demonstrated remarkable success across several small-scale treatment facilities, including a notable case in Southern California. Sludge settling and clarity before and after JC 9465 dosing. ## What did field testing find? Over the past six years, JC 9465 has been evaluated in small wastewater treatment systems (less than 2 MGD) under varying seasonal and operational conditions. Fluctuations in F/M ratios, nutrient imbalances, and temperature swings consistently resulted in sludge bulking and poor settling, regardless of geographic location or process design. The underlying problem was eventually traced back to microbial imbalances and the presence of biofilms. At one test site, dosing 25–30 mg/L of JC 9465 into the Return Activated Sludge (RAS) line yielded dramatic improvements. The treatment broke down the extra polymeric substances (EPS) in the biofilm matrix and effectively regulated microbial populations without disrupting the biological process. Within 7–10 days, settling performance normalized, and the system recovered without resorting to super-chlorination or reseeding. It is important to note that traditional bulking control often focuses on removing filamentous bacteria. However, in many of these studies, the presence of filamentous organisms was either minor or absent altogether. Instead, dense biofilms composed of EPS were found to be the primary culprit. These EPS-laden structures hinder proper floc formation and settling by creating buoyant microenvironments that trap solids. This insight marked a shift in treatment strategy—from targeting specific microorganisms to disrupting the physical matrix of the biofilm itself. Treated water (left) clarifies while untreated stays turbid (right). ## What role do biofilm and EPS play? Microscopic monitoring during the trials revealed two dominant types of microorganisms contributing to sludge bulking: filamentous bacteria and non-filamentous floc-forming microbes. However, what proved most consistent and problematic was not the specific type of organism, but the presence of EPS-rich biofilms. EPS (Extra Polymeric Substances) are the "glue" that holds biofilms together, composed of complex macromolecules such as polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. These substances create protective channels and structures that resist mechanical disruption and chemical penetration. Within this matrix, even healthy floc can be suspended rather than settling, leading to chronic bulking issues. Traditional flocculants and oxidants often fail to fully penetrate this structure, resulting in only short-term fixes or no improvement at all. This is where hydroxyl radicals, a type of ROS generated by JC 9465, provide a unique advantage. Their high oxidation potential (2.80 V) allows them to rapidly degrade the molecular bonds in EPS, breaking down the structure from the inside out. This not only eliminates the biofilm but also restores the physical conditions necessary for proper sludge settling. With an oxidation potential of 2.80 V, hydroxyl radicals surpass both ozone (2.07 V) and sodium hypochlorite (0.94 V) in reactivity. ## Case study: Rosamond CSD wastewater treatment plant The Rosamond Community Services District, a 2 MGD facility in Southern California, faced severe bulking at the end of summer. Their aerobic digester system, with two 12-foot-deep clarifiers, exhibited a sludge blanket depth of 8–10 feet, indicating major settling issues and threatening compliance limits. ### Initial responses - Increased wasting provided temporary relief but was unsustainable. - Bench testing of cationic flocculants showed increased floc size, but settling remained poor. - Microscopic analysis revealed no filamentous organisms, only free-swimming ciliates and flagellates. This scenario reflects a growing trend in wastewater treatment: poor settling even in the absence of filamentous bacteria. Many operators are now discovering that sludge bulking is often driven by organic interference, such as biofilm accumulation and high EPS content, not necessarily microbial type. Unfortunately, traditional detection methods can miss these structural issues, leading to ineffective treatments or misdiagnosed root causes. ### Intervention with JC 9465 After expert consultation, the plant tested JC 9465 at a dosage of 25 mg/L, applied to the RAS line. The impact was swift: - Within 48 hours, the sludge blanket depth fell to 4–5 feet. - After 4 days, JC 9465 treatment was stopped. - The wasting rate was reduced, and operations returned to baseline with no further complications. ### Benefits observed - Reduction in wasting rate and overtime associated with plant conditions - Did not have to take the plant off-line - Did not require super-chlorination - Did not require seeding to repopulate the activated sludge population ## How does JC 9465 work? JC 9465 is a mineral oxychloride solution that produces large amounts of hydroxyl radical ions, among the most powerful oxidants used in water treatment. These radicals break molecular bonds within EPS structures, degrading the polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins that hold the biofilm together. With an oxidation potential of 2.80 V, hydroxyl radicals surpass both ozone (2.07 V) and sodium hypochlorite (0.94 V) in reactivity. This allows them to initiate fast and irreversible reactions with organic materials, turning complex EPS molecules into simple carbohydrates and dissolved solids. The result is a rapid collapse of biofilm integrity, restoring the natural settling ability of activated sludge. ## Conclusion Sludge bulking is not always the result of filamentous bacterial overgrowth. In many modern wastewater plants, biofilms and EPS accumulation are the hidden causes of poor sludge settling. Traditional treatments may provide temporary relief but often fail to address this core issue. JC 9465, powered by reactive oxygen species, represents a next-generation solution. It provides fast, targeted action against biofilms without harming essential microbes or requiring aggressive interventions. For operators facing chronic bulking problems, JC 9465 offers an effective, reliable, and process-safe alternative to legacy methods. Charles Jennings Owner & General Manager, Jenfitch, Inc. Charles leads the technical, regulatory, and field work behind Jenfitch's mineral oxychloride, coagulant, and metal-removal chemistry. Reach him at charles@jenfitch.com or (925) 289-3559. --- ## Enhancing Ozone Systems with ROS | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/enhancing-ozone-systems-ros Home / Blog / Enhancing Ozone Systems with Reactive Oxygen Species Industrial # Enhancing Ozone Systems with Reactive Oxygen Species By Charles Jennings · Jenfitch, Inc. JC 9465 is a ready-to-use liquid mineral oxychloride oxidant that generates reactive oxygen species; it is NSF/ANSI 60 certified, as is JC 9450, to 84 mg/L. Dosed ahead of ozone on surface water it improved quality and, at a Northern California plant, cut generator capacity from above 110 percent to 40 percent. Last updated 26 September 2026 Jenfitch's JC 9465 is a mineral oxychloride-based oxidant that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS); it is certified to NSF/ANSI Standard 60 for drinking-water treatment up to 84 mg/L, as is JC 9450. When paired with ozone systems for surface water, it improves water quality while dramatically reducing energy and chemical demand. Where JC 9465 augments a conventional ozone treatment process. ## Oxidation potential comparison JC 9465's mineral oxychloride chemistry approaches the oxidation potential of the hydroxyl radical, far exceeding ozone and chlorine-based oxidants (volts): - Hydroxyl radical: 2.80 - Mineral oxychloride (JC 9465 / JC 9450): 2.8–2.9 - Ozone: 2.07 - Permanganate: 1.67 - Hypochlorous acid: 1.49 - Chlorine gas: 1.36 - Chlorine dioxide: 1.57 Clarifier and filtration stages in surface-water treatment. ## Northern California study In a 90-day trial dosing 8-10 mg/l, JC 9465 produced substantial improvements: - Settled water turbidity: +70.0% - Filtered water NOM: +61.4% - Filtered water TOC: +50.0% - Filtered water bromate: +79.8% - TTHM's: +56.5% - HAA5's: 100.0%+ ## Surface-water plant case study Operating at a 10 mg/l dosage reduced ozone generator capacity from 110%+ to 40%, achieving a 50-60% energy reduction while maintaining a 0.20-0.30 mg/l ozone residual. Dosing at 10 mg/l reduced ozone generator capacity from 110%+ to 40%, cutting energy use 50-60%. ## What is the problem with ozone alone? Ozone is a genuinely good oxidant and a genuinely expensive one. The generator has to make it on site, which means a power draw that scales with demand, an oxygen or air-prep train, destruct units, and a maintenance burden that does not go away. When raw-water quality degrades — an algal bloom, a storm event, a seasonal rise in natural organic matter — the only lever an operator has is to push generator capacity up. Plants regularly find themselves running above 100% of rated capacity, at which point there is no headroom left and no margin for a generator outage. Ozone also brings a by-product problem. In a bromide-bearing source water, ozonation forms bromate, which is regulated. Pushing more ozone at a turbidity or taste-and-odour problem therefore raises a different compliance risk at the same time. And ozone at 2.07 V is well below the oxidation potential of the hydroxyl radical that does most of the useful work in an advanced oxidation process; the generator is essentially paying to produce a precursor. ## What does adding ROS upstream do? JC 9465 is a ready-to-use liquid mineral oxychloride that delivers reactive oxygen species — superoxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, hydroperoxyl, and peroxide — at 2.8–2.9 V, second only to fluorine at 3.06 V. Because it is dosed as a liquid rather than generated, it adds oxidative capacity without adding electrical load, and it can be turned up on a bad-water day without a capital project. Dosed ahead of clarification, it does two jobs at once. It oxidises natural organic matter before it reaches the ozone contactor, which lowers the ozone demand the generator has to satisfy, and it destabilises colloidal material so the clarifier and filters do more of the work. Precursor removed at the front of the plant is precursor that never becomes a disinfection by-product at the back. That is why the trial results show TTHM and HAA5 improving alongside turbidity: the mechanism is precursor destruction, not by-product scavenging. The bromate result follows from the same logic. Reducing the ozone dose required reduces bromate formation, because bromate is formed by ozone acting on bromide. The full ozone comparison sets out the capital and operating economics side by side. ## How is dosing controlled and certified? Feed is controlled to an oxidation-reduction potential setpoint rather than a fixed ppm, so the dose tracks actual water quality instead of a schedule. The ORP reference chart gives the process targets. Process | Target ORP | RO pre- and post-treatment | 500–650 mV | Drinking-water disinfection | 650–750 mV | Biofilm / EPS destruction | 600–800 mV | Sterilization | +800 mV | The standard recommendation for iron, manganese, and biofilm removal is +650 to +750 mV, feeding ahead of the filter for optimum removal. The working pH range is 4–9. As JC 9465 and JC 9450, the same mineral oxychloride chemistry is certified to NSF/ANSI/CAN Standard 60 for drinking-water treatment at a maximum dose of 84 mg/L — which is what makes potable-side dosing possible at all. Installation is a metering pump, a storage tank, and an optional ORP controller, typically under 30 minutes. ## What does this mean for an ozone upgrade? That result — generator capacity from above 110% down to 40% while holding a 0.20–0.30 mg/L ozone residual — is significant less because of the energy saving than because of what it does to the capital plan. A plant running at the top of its generator capacity is a plant that has been told it needs a bigger generator. Recovering that much headroom by dosing a liquid changes the conversation from a capital project to an operating line item. One plant in this position avoided a $20M-plus ozone system replacement. For utilities evaluating this, the Goleta Water District pilot covers a full potable-water evaluation, the municipal and industrial research library collects the supporting studies, and Municipal & Utilities gives the overview. ## Frequently asked questions Does JC 9465 replace an ozone system? It does not have to. In the applications described here it is dosed alongside an existing ozone process to cut the ozone demand the generator has to satisfy, which recovers generator headroom rather than removing the system. JC 9465 is a mineral oxychloride-based oxidant that generates reactive oxygen species, and when paired with ozone systems treating surface water it improves water quality while reducing energy and chemical demand. How much can ozone generator load be reduced? At a Northern California surface-water plant, dosing at 10 mg/L reduced ozone generator capacity from above 110% to 40%, a 50 to 60% energy reduction, while maintaining a 0.20 to 0.30 mg/L ozone residual. Cutting the oxidant demand the generator has to satisfy is what frees that capacity, and it recovers headroom for periods when raw-water quality degrades. Results on any given system depend on the raw water and the existing process. Why do disinfection by-products go down? Because the mechanism is precursor destruction. Oxidising natural organic matter ahead of the contactor removes the material that would otherwise form TTHMs and HAA5. Bromate falls for a related reason: less ozone applied to a bromide-bearing water means less bromate formed. Is it approved for drinking water? As JC 9465 and JC 9450, the same mineral oxychloride chemistry is certified to NSF/ANSI/CAN Standard 60 for drinking-water treatment at a maximum dose of 84 mg/L. JC 9450 and JC 9465 are the same chemistry on different registration paths, so the certification is what makes full-scale application at a public water treatment plant possible. Confirm the certified product code and dose limit for your own application before use. Where in the process should it be dosed? Ahead of clarification for organic-matter and turbidity work, and in front of the filter for optimum iron, manganese, and biofilm removal, at an ORP of plus 650 to plus 750 mV. Those are the two points in a surface-water train where the oxidant does the most work, since clarifier-stage dosing targets organics and turbidity while filter-stage dosing targets what carries through. Site conditions determine the final injection points. Charles Jennings Owner & General Manager, Jenfitch, Inc. Charles leads the technical, regulatory, and field work behind Jenfitch's mineral oxychloride, coagulant, and metal-removal chemistry. Reach him at charles@jenfitch.com or (925) 289-3559. --- ## Next-Gen Wet Scrubbing for H2S | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/next-gen-wet-scrubbing-h2s Home / Blog / Next-Generation Wet Scrubbing: Removing H₂S with ROS Oil & Gas # Next-Generation Wet Scrubbing: Removing H₂S with ROS By Charles Jennings · Jenfitch, Inc. Next-generation wet scrubbing removes hydrogen sulfide using JC 9465 ROS, a mineral oxychloride that generates hydroxyl radicals rated at 2.80 volts. A Houston, Texas investigation treating natural gas containing 2,000 mg/L H2S and 5 percent CO2 eliminated the H2S completely, raising oxidation-reduction potential from -150 mV to +100 mV and leaving an inert sulfate residue. Last updated 26 September 2026 A Houston, TX investigation demonstrated complete H₂S removal from natural gas using JC 9465 ROS, a new mineral oxychloride compound that generates Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). The next-generation wet scrubbing approach harnesses hydroxyl radicals to eliminate H₂S in flue gases at a fraction of the cost of competing technologies. Wet-scrubbing process for flue-gas treatment. ## The study The investigation treated natural gas containing 2,000 mg/l H₂S and 5% CO₂. JC 9465 ROS completely eliminated the H₂S while producing an inert sulfate residue. H₂S removal over time using JC 9465 at 3%. ## Technical findings The product raised the oxidation-reduction potential from -150 mV to +100 mV, fully removing H₂S. Treatment maintains effectiveness within a +100 mV to +300 mV control range. ### Oxidation potential comparison The hydroxyl radical (OH•) rates at 2.80 V, second only to fluorine at 3.06 V among listed oxidizers. This high oxidation potential enables rapid H₂S oxidation. Packed gas-absorption tower schematic. ## What does the treatment cost? JC 9465 ROS delivered dramatic economics: a $10,000 capital cost with $4,700 annual O&M, yielding $0.0040 per pound of H₂S removed, versus competing technologies ranging from $0.24 to $148.41 per pound. JC 9465 ROS removed H₂S at $0.0040 per pound, versus $0.24 to $148.41 for competing technologies. ## Is this a safer green technology? JC 9465 is non-flammable and non-combustible, making it a green technology well suited to petroleum, biogas, and industrial applications. ## Why is hydrogen sulfide so expensive? Hydrogen sulfide is corrosive, toxic, and odour-detectable far below the concentration at which it becomes dangerous. In a gas stream it attacks downstream equipment, poisons catalysts, and puts a facility on the wrong side of both air-permit limits and neighbourhood complaints. The conventional answers each carry a penalty. Iron sponge and other solid scavengers are cheap to install and expensive to change out, with a spent-media disposal problem attached. Liquid triazine scavengers are effective but consumable, and they generate dithiazine solids that foul the very equipment they were installed to protect. Amine systems and biological scrubbers work well at scale but bring capital cost, footprint, and operator attention that a mid-sized site cannot justify. Caustic scrubbing is the closest conventional comparison to what is described here, and it illustrates the difference. Caustic absorbs H₂S but does not oxidise it, so the sulfide simply moves into the scrubber liquor and has to be dealt with there. An oxidising scrubber liquor converts the sulfide to sulfate in the tower and the problem leaves as an inert salt. ## What happens chemically in the tower? JC 9465 is a mineral oxychloride that generates a family of reactive oxygen species — superoxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, hydroperoxyl, and peroxide — at an oxidation potential of 2.8–2.9 V. Only fluorine, at 3.06 V, is higher. Oxidant | Oxidation potential (V) | Fluorine | 3.06 | JC 9465 mineral oxychloride | 2.8–2.9 | Hydroxyl radical | 2.80 | Ozone | 2.07 | Chlorine dioxide | 1.57 | Chlorine gas | 1.36 | Sodium hypochlorite | 0.94 | Sulfide is oxidised through to sulfate, which is inert, water-soluble, and unproblematic in the blowdown. There is no elemental-sulfur plugging step and no dithiazine to remove from the packing. Because the reaction is driven by oxidation potential rather than by stoichiometric scavenging, the liquor keeps working as long as the setpoint is held. ## Control and dosing The control variable is the oxidation-reduction potential of the scrubber liquor. An untreated sour liquor typically sits around −150 mV. Bringing it to +100 mV eliminated H₂S completely in the Houston work, and the treatment holds its effectiveness across a +100 to +300 mV control band. Running much higher than that band wastes product without improving removal, which is the practical argument for an ORP controller rather than a fixed feed rate. Application | Target ORP | H₂S control in wet scrubbers | +100 to +300 mV | Wastewater odour and sulfide control | 200–400 mV | Cooling towers (biofilm & MIC) | 400–500 mV | Biofilm / EPS destruction | 600–800 mV | The dosing rule of thumb for sulfide is approximately 1 mg/L of JC 9465 per 2.0 mg/L of H₂S, with an effective pH window of 4–9. Installation on an existing packed tower is a metering pump, a storage tank, and an optional ORP controller — typically under 30 minutes of work, because the tower, the recirculation pump, and the packing are already there. That is the main reason the capital number in this study is $10,000 rather than a seven-figure retrofit. ## Where does this apply? The same chemistry and the same control band apply anywhere a sour gas stream meets a wet scrubber: natural-gas conditioning and oil and gas production, biogas and digester-gas cleanup, rendering and food-processing odour control, headworks and lift-station vents at municipal wastewater plants, and the sulfide-bearing off-gas from tanneries and pulp operations. In produced-water and downhole service the same oxidation chemistry is what drives paraffin control and the iron-sulfide work reported in our oil and gas research. JC 9465 is non-flammable and non-combustible, which matters in a classified area, and it is EPA FIFRA registered as a biocide and algaecide. The same mineral oxychloride chemistry is certified to NSF/ANSI/CAN Standard 60 for drinking-water treatment as both JC 9465 and JC 9450, at a maximum dose of 84 mg/L. Full documentation is in the document library, and the H₂S scrubber case study covers the field results in detail. ## Frequently asked questions How much H2S can a wet scrubber remove with JC 9465? Complete removal was achieved at the concentration tested. The Houston, Texas investigation treated natural gas containing 2,000 mg/L H2S and 5% CO2 and eliminated the H2S completely, producing an inert sulfate residue. JC 9465 is a mineral oxychloride compound that generates reactive oxygen species, and the hydroxyl radicals it produces oxidize sulfide rapidly enough to strip it from the gas stream as it passes through the scrubber. What ORP should the scrubber liquor run at? Plus 100 to plus 300 mV. Untreated sour liquor typically sits near minus 150 mV; bringing it to plus 100 mV eliminated H2S in the study, and treatment stays effective across that control band. Running well above the band wastes product without improving removal. Oxidation-reduction potential is measured in millivolts and reflects the oxidizing power actually present in the liquor, which makes it a practical setpoint for controlling the feed rate. How does the cost compare to other H2S technologies? The study recorded $10,000 in capital cost and $4,700 in annual operations and maintenance, working out to $0.0040 per pound of H2S removed. Competing technologies in the same comparison ranged from $0.24 to $148.41 per pound. Those figures combine installed capital with annual operating and maintenance spend rather than chemical price alone, so they describe the cost of running the whole scrubbing program, not just the reagent. What is the reaction product, and what happens to it? Sulfide is oxidised through to sulfate, which is inert and water-soluble and leaves with the scrubber blowdown. There is no elemental-sulfur plugging and no dithiazine solids as with triazine scavengers. Because the sulfur ends up in its fully oxidised form, it stays dissolved in the recirculating liquor instead of dropping out as a solid, so packing, spray nozzles, and the recirculation pump are not fouled by reaction products. Can it be retrofitted to an existing scrubber? Yes. The tower, recirculation pump, and packing are already in place, so the retrofit is a metering pump, a storage tank, and an optional ORP controller, typically installed in under 30 minutes. The existing gas-absorption equipment does the mass transfer exactly as before; only the chemistry circulating through it changes. That keeps the installed capital low and lets an operating scrubber switch over without redesigning the vessel or its internals. Charles Jennings Owner & General Manager, Jenfitch, Inc. Charles leads the technical, regulatory, and field work behind Jenfitch's mineral oxychloride, coagulant, and metal-removal chemistry. Reach him at charles@jenfitch.com or (925) 289-3559. --- ## JC 9465 Paraffin Inhibitor for Oilfield Water | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/jc9465-paraffin-inhibitor-oilfield Home / Blog / JC 9465 as a Paraffin Inhibitor in Oilfield Water Oil & Gas # JC 9465 as a Paraffin Inhibitor in Oilfield Water By Charles Jennings · Jenfitch, Inc. JC 9465 is a paraffin inhibitor for oilfield water systems that restores flow assurance in minutes, rather than the hours or days required by hot oiling, scraping with hot water, or coiled tubing with solvents. In one field application injected at five gallons daily, flow rate increased tenfold by the third day. Last updated 26 September 2026 JC 9465 is a paraffin inhibitor for oilfield applications that restores and enhances flow assurance in water systems. Paraffin forms when crude oil is flowing up to the surface and hits ambient temperature, building deposits that restrict production. Where paraffin and flow-assurance problems arise in oilfield formations. ## What is the paraffin challenge? As crude oil cools on its way to the surface, paraffin precipitates and accumulates within tubing and flow lines. Left untreated, these deposits progressively choke off production and drive up remediation costs. ### Traditional removal methods Conventional approaches to paraffin removal are slow and labor-intensive. They include: - Mechanical hot oiling - Scraping with hot water - Coiled tubing with chemical solvents - Thermal treatments JC 9465 is positioned as superior to these methods, working within minutes, not hours or days. Top ten stripper-oil-well states — a large addressable base. ## Field performance In field application, JC 9465 was injected at 5 gallons daily. By the third day, the flow rate was checked and there was an increase of 10X from the previous flow rate. By the third day, the flow rate was checked and there was an increase of 10X from the previous flow rate. ### Treatment scheduling Daily applications using 1 to 5 gallon buckets are recommended, with potential production increases of 15X. Every-other-day applications may yield approximately 10X production increases, giving operators flexibility to match treatment frequency to well economics. Treatment economics scale with well production rate. ## Market opportunity Canada and Venezuela are identified as major paraffin deposit locations, with secondary markets in the U.S., Middle East, and Russia. Fracking operations also represent an additional market opportunity, as they consume an average of 20 million gallons of water for one well. ## Why does paraffin keep coming back? Paraffin is not a contaminant introduced into a well; it is part of the crude. Long-chain n-alkanes, typically C18 and heavier, stay dissolved in the oil while it is at reservoir temperature. As the fluid rises, it loses heat to the surrounding formation and eventually to ambient air, and at the wax appearance temperature those molecules come out of solution and crystallise on the coldest surface available — the inside wall of the tubing or flow line. The deposit is self-reinforcing in two ways. Each layer of wax insulates, which lowers the wall temperature further and accelerates the next deposition. And the restricted bore raises velocity and pressure drop, which changes the thermal profile again. That is why a well that has been marginal for months can decline sharply over a few weeks: the process accelerates as it proceeds. Deposits are rarely pure wax either. Asphaltenes, formation fines, scale, and iron sulfide co-deposit in the same matrix, producing a composite that a solvent formulated for wax alone will not fully clear. Any treatment aimed only at the alkane fraction leaves the rest behind as a nucleation site for the next cycle. ## What does conventional remediation really cost? Hot oiling is the traditional answer and carries a well-documented drawback: the injected oil cools as it travels, so wax dissolved near the surface can re-precipitate deeper in the tubing or, worse, be carried into the formation near the perforations. That risk is precisely why hot oiling is a repeating expense rather than a fix. Mechanical scraping and cutting work but require intervention, which means a rig or a wireline unit, a crew, and downtime. Coiled tubing with solvent is effective and expensive, and aromatic solvents bring their own handling, exposure, and disposal considerations. Thermal treatment addresses the symptom without touching the deposition mechanism. For a stripper well producing a few barrels a day, all of these share one fatal problem: the cost of the intervention is measured against a revenue stream that may be under $200 a day. The economics of remediation stop working long before the well stops producing, which is why marginal wells get shut in while oil is still in the ground. ## How does the oxidative approach work? JC 9465 is a mineral oxychloride that generates a family of reactive oxygen species — superoxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, hydroperoxyl, and peroxide — at an oxidation potential of 2.8–2.9 V, second only to fluorine at 3.06 V. Oxidant | Oxidation potential (V) | Fluorine | 3.06 | JC 9465 mineral oxychloride | 2.8–2.9 | Hydroxyl radical | 2.80 | Ozone | 2.07 | Chlorine dioxide | 1.57 | Chlorine gas | 1.36 | Sodium hypochlorite | 0.94 | Because the mechanism is oxidative rather than solvent-based, it does not depend on maintaining a temperature or on matching a solvent to a specific hydrocarbon fraction. It is delivered as a ready-to-use liquid, is non-flammable and non-combustible — which matters for storage in a classified area on a small lease — and it addresses the microbial component of the deposit at the same time. Sulfate-reducing bacteria produce the iron sulfide that co-deposits with wax and drives downhole souring and corrosion; the same chemistry controls it, which is the link to the H₂S and sour-gas work and the scrubber case study. ## Field results and the stripper-well case In field application, injection at 5 gallons daily produced a tenfold increase in flow rate by the third day. Daily treatment is recommended for the best result, with reported production increases up to 15×; every-other-day treatment gives roughly 10×, letting an operator match frequency to well economics. The stripper-well field study, run with JC 9450 (the same mineral oxychloride chemistry), makes the economics concrete: wells producing 1–2 barrels per day were brought to 15 barrels per day for under $100 per day of treatment, and a side-by-side comparison recorded a 72% increase. In the United States alone the stripper-well population is very large, and these are exactly the wells for which conventional remediation does not pencil out. The stripper-well case study covers the detail. Fracking adds a second application: an average of roughly 20 million gallons of water is used for a single well, and that produced and flowback water carries its own biological, sulfide, and iron burden. More is in oil and gas research, Oil & Gas, and the document library. ## Frequently asked questions Why does paraffin form in oil wells? Long-chain alkanes, typically C18 and heavier, stay dissolved at reservoir temperature. As the fluid rises and cools past the wax appearance temperature, they crystallise on the coldest available surface, which is the tubing wall. Each layer insulates further, so deposition accelerates as it proceeds. What is wrong with hot oiling? The injected oil cools as it travels, so wax dissolved near the surface can re-precipitate deeper in the tubing or be carried toward the formation near the perforations. It manages the symptom and has to be repeated. Hot oiling sits alongside scraping with hot water, coiled tubing with chemical solvents, and thermal treatments as a conventional removal method, and all of them are slow and labor-intensive compared with treating the water chemistry. How quickly does JC 9465 work? In field application at 5 gallons injected daily, flow rate was checked on the third day and had increased tenfold over the previous rate. The product is positioned as working within minutes rather than the hours or days that mechanical hot oiling, scraping with hot water, coiled tubing with solvents, and thermal treatments require, because it acts on the deposit chemistry in the flow line instead of heating the wellbore. What treatment frequency is recommended? Daily treatment gives the best result, with reported production increases up to 15 times. Every-other-day treatment gives roughly 10 times, which lets an operator match frequency to the economics of the individual well. Daily applications are made using 1 to 5 gallon buckets, so treatment cost scales with how much is applied and the economics improve as the production rate of the well rises. Does it help with iron sulfide and souring as well? Yes. Sulfate-reducing bacteria produce the iron sulfide that co-deposits with wax and drives downhole souring and corrosion. The same oxidative chemistry addresses that microbial component, which is why it is also used for H2S control in wet scrubbers. Treating the microbial side matters because removing wax alone leaves the organisms that keep regenerating sulfide, so the deposit rebuilds and the flow restriction returns. Charles Jennings Owner & General Manager, Jenfitch, Inc. Charles leads the technical, regulatory, and field work behind Jenfitch's mineral oxychloride, coagulant, and metal-removal chemistry. Reach him at charles@jenfitch.com or (925) 289-3559. --- ## JC 9465 Algaecide & Biocide for Water Systems | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/jc9465-best-algaecide-biocide Home / Blog / JC 9465: A Powerful Algaecide and Biocide Disinfection # JC 9465: A Powerful Algaecide and Biocide By Charles Jennings · Jenfitch, Inc. JC 9465 is an EPA-registered algaecide and biocide from Jenfitch, Inc. that eliminates algae and biofilm, two forms of the same problem. Above +700 mV, the ORP threshold the World Health Organization associates with microbiologically safe water, it achieves 6-log removal in 10 seconds; chlorine needs over 30 minutes for 4-log. Last updated 26 September 2026 Jenfitch's EPA-registered product JC 9465 is an algaecide and biocide that can help improve water quality in countless applications. By eliminating algae and biofilm, it addresses two of the most persistent challenges in water treatment. Before and after JC 9465: algae-laden water clarifies. ## What is the ORP standard for safe water? The World Health Organization advises that for water quality to be safe from all microorganisms, it must have an ORP above +700mV. Oxidation-reduction potential is a direct measure of a solution's disinfecting power, and reaching this threshold is the benchmark for microbiologically safe water. Algae-choked basins are a target for JC 9465 treatment. ## How fast does it disinfect? At an ORP above +700mV, JC 9465 achieves a 6-log removal in only 10 seconds. By comparison, chlorine requires over 30 minutes to achieve a 4-log removal. JC 9465 achieves a 6-log removal in only 10 seconds, compared to chlorine's over 30 minutes to achieve a 4-log removal. JC 9465 electrochemical voltage versus common disinfectants. ## Case studies ### California water plant An influent sample at a California water plant was treated at a 10 ppm dosage, demonstrating JC 9465's effectiveness on real-world source water. ### Northern California potable water plant At a Northern California potable water treatment plant, treatment with JC 9465 delivered a range of measurable benefits: - Improved filtered water turbidity - Lower chlorine consumption - Reduced THM formation - Longer filter run times - Lower treatment costs ## Why it matters By combining a high oxidation potential with rapid kill times, JC 9465 gives operators a way to control algae and biofilm while reducing chemical use and byproduct formation, improving both water quality and operating economics. ## Why are algae and biofilm one problem? Operators tend to treat algae and biofilm as separate line items on a maintenance schedule. Chemically they are the same fight. Both are communities of microorganisms living inside a self-produced shell of extracellular polymeric substance — EPS — a hydrated matrix of polysaccharides, proteins and DNA that the colony secretes to hold itself onto a surface. That matrix is the reason conventional treatment disappoints. A free-chlorine residual that reads perfectly well in the bulk water may never reach the organisms living two hundred microns down inside the film, because the chlorine is consumed oxidising the outer layer of EPS before it can penetrate. This is why algae blooms recur within days of a shock dose, and why a cooling tower that tests clean at the sample port still fouls its fill. Kill the planktonic cells floating in the water and the sessile population anchored to the wall simply reseeds it. Any product that only addresses free-floating organisms is treating the symptom. JC 9465 attacks the matrix first. Its mineral oxychloride chemistry releases a family of reactive oxygen species — hydroxyl radical, superoxide, singlet oxygen, hydroperoxyl and peroxide — that cleave the polysaccharide backbone of the EPS, collapse the film, and then oxidise the exposed cells. Because the by-products are mildly biocidal mineral oxides, the treated surface resists recolonisation rather than presenting a clean substrate for the next bloom. ## What makes the chemistry so fast? Oxidation potential, measured in volts, describes how strongly a substance pulls electrons away from whatever it contacts. It is the single best predictor of how fast an oxidant will disable a microorganism. Standard electrode potential of common water-treatment oxidants. Oxidant | Oxidation potential (V) | Fluorine | 3.06 | JC 9465 / JC 9450 mineral oxychloride | 2.8–2.9 | Hydroxyl radical | 2.80 | Ozone | 2.07 | Permanganate | 1.67 | Chlorine dioxide | 1.57 | Chlorine gas | 1.36 | Sodium hypochlorite | 0.94 | JC 9465 sits second only to fluorine, and roughly three times the potential of the sodium hypochlorite most plants run today. That gap is what converts a thirty-minute contact time into a ten-second one. Against biofilm, bacteria, viruses and spores, the practical result is chemistry that is 12 to 24 times more effective than chlorine at equivalent measured residual. A fuller side-by-side is set out in our mineral oxychloride versus chlorine comparison. ## Dosing and ORP control The most important operational difference is that JC 9465 is dosed to an ORP setpoint, not to a ppm target. Oxidation-reduction potential is measured directly in the water with a millivolt probe, and unlike a chlorine residual it reflects the actual oxidising power available at that moment, at that pH, at that temperature. Free chlorine at 1.0 mg/L behaves very differently at pH 7.0 than at pH 8.5; ORP captures that difference where a ppm reading hides it. Our ORP reference chart maps millivolt readings to surviving colony counts. Typical ORP setpoints by treatment objective. Objective | Target ORP | Wastewater odour and sulfide control | 200–400 mV | Cooling tower biofilm and MIC control | 400–500 mV | RO pre- and post-treatment | 500–650 mV | Biofilm and EPS destruction | 600–800 mV | Drinking-water disinfection | 650–750 mV | In-field and post-harvest disinfection | 650–750 mV | Sterilisation | +800 mV | As rules of thumb, inorganic demand is met at under 1.0 mg/L of product per 1.0 mg/L of contaminant, pathogens at 1.0 mg/L per 1,000–10,000 mg/L, and organics at 1.0 to 8.0 mg/L per 1.0 mg/L. The chemistry is effective across a pH range of roughly 4 to 9, which removes the pH-chasing that dominates hypochlorite programs. A typical installation is a metering pump, a storage tank and an optional ORP controller, and goes in inside half an hour. ## Where is it applied? Algae and biofilm control with JC 9465 is running today in cooling towers and heat exchangers, where biofilm insulates the transfer surface far more aggressively than mineral scale; in municipal surface-water plants, where algal organics drive disinfection by-product formation; in irrigation reservoirs and canals; and in post-harvest wash and hydro-cooler water, where the same oxidant serves as both algaecide and pathogen barrier. Detailed write-ups sit in our biofilm removal article and the Legionella case study. ## Frequently asked questions Is JC 9465 EPA registered as an algaecide? Yes. JC 9465 is registered with the US EPA under FIFRA as a biocide and algaecide, and is certified under the USDA National Organic Program (7 CFR Part 205). The same mineral oxychloride chemistry is certified to NSF/ANSI Standard 60 for drinking water as both JC 9465 and JC 9450, at a maximum dose of 84 mg/L. How quickly does it work on algae? At an ORP above +700 mV, JC 9465 achieves a 6-log reduction in under 10 seconds. Chlorine typically requires more than 30 minutes to reach a 4-log reduction under comparable conditions. That +700 mV threshold is the level the World Health Organization advises for water to be safe from all microorganisms, and oxidation-reduction potential is a direct measure of a solution's disinfecting power, so the speed follows from holding that setpoint. Do I dose by ppm or by ORP? By ORP. Set a millivolt target for the objective — 400 to 500 mV for cooling tower biofilm, 650 to 750 mV for disinfection — and let the controller feed to that setpoint. ORP reflects real oxidising power at the water's actual pH and temperature; a ppm reading does not. Will it damage my system or leave a harmful residue? No. The reaction is effectively catalytic and the by-products are mineral oxides that are themselves mildly biocidal and fall below FDA limits. The product is a 100% water-soluble ready-to-use liquid, non-flammable and non-combustible. Because it is metered into the water as a dilute liquid rather than applied as a concentrated slug, it travels wherever the water travels, and what it leaves behind is that same mineral oxide chemistry rather than an accumulating deposit. How long does the product keep in storage? Roughly six months, compared with about 30 days for sodium hypochlorite. That is about six times the usable shelf life, which matters for sites that order in drums or totes and draw down slowly. Hypochlorite loses strength as it sits, so a container bought at one concentration can be feeding a weaker solution by the time it is drawn down, while a longer stable window keeps the delivered dose closer to the label. Charles Jennings Owner & General Manager, Jenfitch, Inc. Charles leads the technical, regulatory, and field work behind Jenfitch's mineral oxychloride, coagulant, and metal-removal chemistry. Reach him at charles@jenfitch.com or (925) 289-3559. --- ## JC 9465 Biocide for Power Generation | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/jc9465-biocide-power-generation Home / Blog / JC 9465: Microbial Control for Power Generation Cooling Towers # JC 9465: Microbial Control for Power Generation By Charles Jennings · Jenfitch, Inc. JC 9465 is an oxidizing biocide used for microbial control in power-generation cooling water, a mineral oxychloride reagent supplied as a ready-to-use liquid. It works across pH, so no sulfuric acid is needed. At a Midwest coal-fired plant it saved $88,400 a year, cut 1,827 metric tons of CO2, and improved condenser vacuum. Last updated 26 September 2026 JC 9465 is an oxidizing biocide that is transforming microbial control for power generation. At a Midwest coal-fired power generation facility, it solved a persistent cooling-water fouling problem that conventional biocides could not. Illustrative trend: condenser vacuum steadies and rises after the changeover to JC 9465 (yellow line). ## What was the customer challenge? A Midwest coal-fired power generation facility encountered significant challenges in managing microbial growth within the cooling water system. Its reliance on previous biocide solutions, namely sodium hypochlorite, bromine, and mono-chloramine, proved problematic due to the pH-dependent efficiency of sodium hypochlorite, which mandated the addition of sulfuric acid to regulate pH. Additionally, the facility had adopted a competitor's biocide technology based on mono-chloramine, which required on-site generation and led to several months of inadequate treatment. The consequences were substantial: heightened microbial contamination within the cooling tower, elevated back pressure, decreased operational efficiency, visible microbial fouling, and slime in the condenser head boxes. ## Our solution JC 9465 was proposed for the plant's water disinfection program — a mineral oxychloride biocide supplied as a ready-to-use liquid. JC 9465 stands out with its versatility, effectively operating across various pH levels, making it suitable for seasonal pH fluctuations. This innovative oxidant offers significant safety and environmental advantages, as it decomposes into harmless byproducts, contributing to enhanced safety and compliance with environmental standards. JC 9465 maintains its effectiveness over an extended period, ensuring consistent microbial control. It is also a cost-effective choice, reducing total operating costs, eliminating the need for capital expenditure, and enabling straightforward monitoring through Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) or chlorine residual measurements. ## Proven results - $88,400 annual savings on sodium hypochlorite - Eliminated sulfuric acid handling - 1,827 metric-tons CO2 emissions reduction - Improved condenser vacuum (1" Hg) - Overall program cost reduction with improved results - Enhanced EHS handling and safety $88,400 annual savings, a 1,827 metric-ton CO2 emissions reduction, and eliminated sulfuric acid handling. ## How does JC 9465 generate reactive oxygen species? JC 9465 is a liquid chelation of minerals with oxygen. The oxygen is weakly bound, so on contact with water the complex releases it, generating a family of reactive oxygen species: superoxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet (nascent) oxygen, hydroperoxyl, and peroxide. Sodium hypochlorite on its own gives hypochlorous acid, hypochlorite ion, and a trace of hydroxyl radical. With the mineral catalyst the same feedstock also yields the mineral complexes that carry the reaction forward, effectively catalytically. A single-species oxidant has one demand curve — whatever reduces it fastest consumes it first. A mixed ROS population attacks different bonds at once, working organic load, sulfide, iron, and cell walls in parallel. More on the mineral oxychloride chemistry. ## Oxidation potential in context Oxidation potential of common water-treatment oxidants Oxidant | Potential (V) | Fluorine | 3.06 | JC 9465 mineral oxychloride | 2.8–2.9 | Hydroxyl radical | 2.80 | Ozone | 2.07 | Chlorine dioxide | 1.57 | Chlorine gas | 1.36 | Sodium hypochlorite | 0.94 | Second only to fluorine, on par with the hydroxyl radical itself, and above every halogen in common use. Ozone-class oxidation without dissolving a gas into water. ## Why control by ORP instead of ppm? A ppm figure records how much reagent went in, not how much oxidising work the water can still do. ORP measures the result, and tracks organic load, makeup quality, pH, and cycles without anyone recalculating a dose. ORP against surviving bacterial count ORP | Bacteria (CFU / 100 mL) | +200 mV | 300 | +300 mV | 36 | +400 mV | 3 | +600 mV | 0 — disinfection | +800 mV | 0 — sterilization | - Routine cooling tower, biofilm and MIC — 400–500 mV - Biofilm and EPS destruction — 600–800 mV - Disinfection barrier — 650–750 mV - Sterilization — above 800 mV At +700 mV, a 6-log reduction in under 10 seconds. Full targets are on the ORP reference chart. ## How are biofilm and EPS destroyed? The extracellular polymeric substance a colony secretes is a hydrated gel that spends oxidant at its outer face, so a bulk-water residual never reaches the cells underneath. That is how plate counts and free-chlorine readings both look acceptable while the condenser keeps losing vacuum. Held in the 600–800 mV band, hydroxyl radicals break down the EPS matrix first and the remaining species oxidise cell walls and bacterial DNA, so the film releases rather than being disinfected on its surface. Drop back to 400–500 mV once it does. See how JC 9465 removes biofilm. ## Residual, shelf life, and installation Ozone matches JC 9465 for oxidising power in the contact chamber and then it is gone — generated on site, consumed where it is made, nothing holding the system downstream. Mineral oxychloride leaves mineral-oxide by-products that are themselves mildly biocidal and below FDA limits, so treated water resists recontamination. See our comparison with ozone. Shelf life is six months against roughly 30 days for sodium hypochlorite, which loses strength quietly; a fixed-ppm program fed from an aging drum under-treats without showing it on the log sheet. Dosing rules of thumb: - Inorganics — under 1.0 mg/L per 1.0 mg/L of contaminant; chlorine needs about 6 - Pathogens — 1.0 mg/L per 1,000–10,000 mg/L of organism load - Organics — 1.0–8.0 mg/L per 1.0 mg/L of contaminant Working pH is 4–9. A typical installation is a metering pump, a storage tank, and an optional ORP controller on the existing loop — no on-site generation, no capital plant. See Industrial & Cooling Towers. ## Frequently asked questions What is the oxidation potential of JC 9465? JC 9465 carries an electrochemical oxidation potential of 2.8–2.9 V. That is second only to fluorine at 3.06 V, on par with the hydroxyl radical at 2.80 V, and above ozone at 2.07 V, chlorine dioxide at 1.57 V, chlorine at 1.36 V, and sodium hypochlorite at 0.94 V. Why dose an oxidising biocide to ORP instead of ppm? A ppm figure records how much reagent was added, not how much oxidising work the water can still do. ORP measures the result, so it moves with load and water quality on its own. Surviving counts track it closely: 300 CFU per 100 mL at +200 mV, 3 at +400 mV, none at +600 mV. Does JC 9465 leave a residual, or dissipate like ozone? It leaves one. Ozone is consumed where it is generated and holds nothing downstream. Mineral oxychloride leaves mineral-oxide by-products that are themselves mildly biocidal and fall below FDA limits, so treated water resists recontamination — which is what makes it workable in a recirculating loop. What ORP setpoint should I run for biofilm control? Run 400–500 mV for routine biofilm and MIC control. For a cleanup pass on a loop with an established film, step up to the 600–800 mV band until the film releases, then drop back to the maintenance setpoint. A disinfection barrier is held at 650–750 mV. How long does JC 9465 keep, and what does feeding it require? Shelf life is six months against roughly 30 days for sodium hypochlorite. It is a ready-to-use, water-soluble liquid effective across pH 4 to 9. A typical feed system is a metering pump, a storage tank, and an optional ORP controller on the existing loop. Charles Jennings Owner & General Manager, Jenfitch, Inc. Charles leads the technical, regulatory, and field work behind Jenfitch's mineral oxychloride, coagulant, and metal-removal chemistry. Reach him at charles@jenfitch.com or (925) 289-3559. --- ## Pool, Hot Tub & Spa Sanitation | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/pool-hot-tub-spa-sanitation Home / Blog / Advanced Oxidation for Pool, Hot Tub & Spa Sanitation Disinfection # Advanced Oxidation for Pool, Hot Tub & Spa Sanitation By Charles Jennings · Jenfitch, Inc. Advanced oxidation sanitizes pools, hot tubs and spas by generating hydroxyl radicals that rapidly oxidize contaminants. JC 9465 works across varying pH levels and temperatures, unlike pH-sensitive salt chlorinators, reduces disinfection byproducts such as trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids, and minimizes chloramine irritation. It is EPA FIFRA registered as a biocide and algaecide. Last updated 26 September 2026 Advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are changing how swimming pools, hot tubs, and spas are sanitized. JC 9465 is positioned as a superior alternative to conventional chlorine and bromine treatments. Recreational-water outbreaks peak in the summer months. ## How does the technology work? JC 9465 generates hydroxyl radicals that rapidly oxidize contaminants. The product is described as a chelation of minerals with oxygen in liquid form that works effectively across varying pH levels and temperatures, a key advantage over pH-sensitive conventional chemistry. JC 9465, the advanced-oxidation chemistry used for pools, hot tubs and spas. ## What are the advantages over traditional methods? - Reduces disinfection byproducts (DBPs) like trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids - Requires less frequent maintenance and chemical rebalancing - Functions effectively despite pH fluctuations, unlike salt chlorinators - Minimizes irritation from chloramines ### Regulatory status JC 9465 is EPA FIFRA registered as a biocide and algaecide. The same mineral oxychloride chemistry is certified to NSF/ANSI/CAN Standard 60 for drinking-water treatment as both JC 9465 and JC 9450, at a maximum dose of 84 mg/L. ## Case study results Private pool operators reported significant cost reductions. One user stated annual chemical expenses dropped nearly $1,000 after switching. Another maintained a 30,000-gallon pool on 1 ounce per 1,000 gallons weekly, reporting crystal-clear water with minimal maintenance. One user stated annual chemical expenses dropped nearly $1,000 after switching. ### Hot tub performance A hot tub study showed that water remained clear and free from heterotrophic plate count organisms despite an elevated pH of 8.4 and 104°F temperatures over two months. ## What are the limitations? The technology is still establishing itself, and several challenges remain: - Market resistance due to established trust in conventional products - No testing yet against chlorine-resistant pathogens like Cryptosporidium - Limited deployment in public pool environments - Requires regulatory navigation ## The real problem is not the chlorine, it is the chloramines The smell people call “too much chlorine” at a pool is almost always the opposite. Free chlorine has very little odour. What stings the eyes and hangs over an indoor pool deck is combined chlorine — chloramines formed when free chlorine reacts with the nitrogen compounds that swimmers bring with them: sweat, urea, cosmetics, skin cells. A pool that smells strongly is a pool whose free chlorine has already been consumed and converted. Conventional chlorine chemistry is also unhelpfully pH-dependent. Hypochlorous acid, the active species, has an oxidation potential of 1.49 V, but as pH rises it dissociates into hypochlorite ion at 0.94 V. A pool drifting from pH 7.4 to 8.0 therefore loses a large fraction of its real disinfecting power while the test strip still reports a residual. Salt chlorinators do not escape this — they generate the same hypochlorous acid and the electrolysis process drives pH upward, which is why they need constant acid addition. Cyanuric acid stabiliser adds a third complication. It protects chlorine from UV degradation, which is necessary outdoors, but it also binds most of the free chlorine into a reservoir that is slow to act. High-stabiliser pools routinely test at an acceptable residual while disinfecting poorly. ## What advanced oxidation does differently JC 9465 is a mineral oxychloride — a chelation of minerals with oxygen in liquid form — that generates a family of reactive oxygen species including superoxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, hydroperoxyl, and peroxide, at an oxidation potential of 2.8–2.9 V. Oxidant | Oxidation potential (V) | Fluorine | 3.06 | JC 9465 mineral oxychloride | 2.8–2.9 | Hydroxyl radical | 2.80 | Ozone | 2.07 | Chlorine dioxide | 1.57 | Hypochlorous acid | 1.49 | Chlorine gas | 1.36 | Sodium hypochlorite | 0.94 | Because it works across a pH range of 4–9 rather than collapsing above 7.5, the practical difference is that the water keeps disinfecting through the pH drift that every pool experiences. It also attacks the organic nitrogen precursors themselves, so fewer chloramines are formed in the first place rather than being burned off later with a shock dose. Reduced disinfection by-product formation — trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids — follows from the same precursor-destruction mechanism described in our work on ozone systems. ## Why measure ORP in recreational water? Health departments and serious operators have used oxidation-reduction potential rather than ppm for years, because ORP measures the water's actual ability to inactivate an organism whereas ppm measures how much chemical is present regardless of whether it is available. The relationship between ORP and bacterial survival is direct. ORP | Indicative bacterial count | +200 mV | 300 CFU / 100 mL | +300 mV | 36 CFU / 100 mL | +400 mV | 3 CFU / 100 mL | +600 mV | 0 — disinfection | +800 mV | 0 — sterilization | Recreational water is normally held in the disinfection band of 650–750 mV; the ORP reference chart covers every process target. Dosing to a setpoint means the feed rate responds automatically to bather load, which is the variable that actually drives demand. Installation is a metering pump, a storage tank, and an optional ORP controller, typically under 30 minutes. The hot-tub result is worth reading in this light: water stayed clear and free of heterotrophic plate count organisms across two months at pH 8.4 and 104°F. Both of those conditions — elevated pH and high temperature — are where conventional chlorine performs worst. Product also carries a six-month shelf life, against roughly 30 days for liquid chlorine, which is why the seasonal-storage loss that pool owners quietly absorb every year largely disappears. For the same chemistry in commercial service, see biofilm control in cooling systems and the algaecide and biocide overview. ## Frequently asked questions Why does my pool smell like chlorine? That smell is combined chlorine, not free chlorine. Chloramines form when free chlorine reacts with nitrogen compounds swimmers introduce, such as sweat, urea, and cosmetics. A strong smell indicates the free chlorine has already been consumed, so the water is carrying reaction byproducts rather than active sanitizer. Those same chloramines are the compounds behind stinging eyes and irritated skin, which is why a sharper odour usually signals a pool needing attention. Does JC 9465 work at high pH? Yes. The effective range is pH 4 to 9. Conventional chlorine loses most of its disinfecting power above about pH 7.5, because hypochlorous acid at 1.49 V dissociates into hypochlorite ion at 0.94 V. JC 9465 works across varying pH levels and temperatures because it is a chelation of minerals with oxygen in liquid form, which is an advantage over pH-sensitive chemistry such as salt chlorinators. What ORP should a pool or spa run at? The disinfection band is 650 to 750 mV. As a reference, bacterial counts run about 300 CFU per 100 mL at plus 200 mV, 36 at plus 300 mV, 3 at plus 400 mV, and zero from plus 600 mV upward. How does it perform in a hot tub? A hot tub study recorded water that stayed clear and free of heterotrophic plate count organisms over two months at pH 8.4 and 104 degrees Fahrenheit, conditions where conventional chlorine performs worst. Heat accelerates chemical demand and the elevated pH pushes free chlorine toward its weaker form, so holding both clarity and plate counts under those conditions reflects chemistry that is not dependent on pH staying in a narrow band. What are the current limitations? The technology is still establishing itself commercially. It has not yet been tested against chlorine-resistant pathogens such as Cryptosporidium, deployment in public pool environments remains limited, and public facilities require regulatory review before adoption. The published results to date come mainly from private pools and hot tubs, so operators of larger public installations should expect to work through the applicable review process before switching a facility over. Charles Jennings Owner & General Manager, Jenfitch, Inc. Charles leads the technical, regulatory, and field work behind Jenfitch's mineral oxychloride, coagulant, and metal-removal chemistry. Reach him at charles@jenfitch.com or (925) 289-3559. --- ## Improving Food Safety with JC 9465 | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/improve-food-safety-quality Home / Blog / Improving Food Safety and Product Quality with JC 9465 Agriculture # Improving Food Safety and Product Quality with JC 9465 By Charles Jennings · Jenfitch, Inc. JC 9465 is a mineral oxychloride disinfectant that generates reactive oxygen species to inactivate E. coli, Salmonella, and Listeria in wash, flume, and hydrocooling water within seconds of contact. Because the chemistry reverts to benign byproducts, it leaves no residue on produce and does not alter flavor, color, or texture. Lower microbial load also extends shelf life. Last updated 26 September 2026 Food safety and product quality are inseparable in modern produce handling. A single contamination event can trigger recalls, damage a brand, and put consumers at risk, while spoilage organisms quietly erode shelf life and margins. JC 9465, a mineral oxychloride disinfectant that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), gives growers, packers, and processors a way to address both problems at once — rapid pathogen inactivation without changing the taste, color, or texture of the food it protects. Raspberries rinsed with JC 9465 (top) stay fresh far longer than untreated fruit. Sterilization intervention points across the supply chain. Treating ice-making water carries disinfection through to melt. ## Why does oxidative disinfection fit food operations? ### Rapid pathogen inactivation By generating hydroxyl radicals and other reactive oxygen species, JC 9465 achieves high-log reduction of organisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, and Listeria in seconds of contact. The oxidative mechanism attacks cell membranes directly rather than relying on residual chemistry, so treatment is fast and predictable across wash water, flumes, and direct-contact surfaces. ### No residue, no off-flavors Because the active chemistry reverts to benign byproducts, JC 9465 inactivates spoilage and pathogenic organisms without leaving residue on treated produce or altering flavor. That matters for fresh-cut, ready-to-eat, and organic programs where sensory quality and label requirements leave no room for taint. The goal is simple: safer food that still looks, smells, and tastes exactly as the grower intended. A 5–6 log reduction in pathogen loading versus the industrial standard. In-store intervention: disinfecting ice, produce, and packaged goods. ## How does treatment extend shelf life? Reducing the microbial load on incoming produce slows the decay that shortens shelf life. Lower bacteria and mold counts at the wash step translate into fewer rejected loads, less shrink in distribution, and more days of saleable quality on the shelf. For operations shipping long distances, even a small extension in usable life can change the economics of a season. ### Where JC 9465 is applied - Wash, flume, and hydrocooling water where cross-contamination is a risk - In-field and post-harvest disinfection barriers using controlled ORP - Food-contact surfaces, conveyors, and packing lines - Ice used to chill and transport fresh product Where contamination and quality loss occur, from processing to display. Shelf-life extension with no change in taste. ## A dual return on safety and quality Treating food safety and product quality as one program — rather than two competing costs — is where oxidative disinfection earns its place. JC 9465 delivers the fast, residue-free pathogen control that food safety plans demand while protecting the freshness and appearance that customers pay for, helping operations reduce risk and waste in the same step. The 16 most common food-borne pathogens JC 9465 targets. Why biofilm control is central to food preservation. ## Where does cross-contamination actually happen? Contamination moves, and it moves through water and shared surfaces. - Dump tank — every lot passes through the same water; one dirty bin seeds the tank, and the tank seeds everything behind it. - Flume — recirculated transfer water accumulates soil and sugars through the shift, so oxidant demand rises as the day goes on. - Hydro-cooler — cold water in direct contact with warm product, recirculated for hours. - Ice — made from whatever the ice water was, then held against product through transport. - Packing-line surfaces — brushes, rollers, and belts carry residue from lot to lot. - CIP circuits — a rinse that leaves biofilm behind re-inoculates the line on the next run. ## Why is free-chlorine ppm a poor control? A ppm reading tells you how much oxidant you put in the tank, not how much is still available to kill anything. Soil, sugars, and organic load consume free chlorine continuously, and the same ppm at a different pH does not deliver the same oxidizing power. Two tanks logged at the same ppm can therefore produce very different microbiology; kill efficacy tracks the condition of the water, not the dosing log. A ppm reading records what you added; ORP measures what the water is doing. ## ORP targets for food operations Oxidation-reduction potential in millivolts is what correlates with survivors, and what a controller should trim feed against. ORP versus surviving organisms, and working setpoints ORP | Surviving count | What it means | +200 mV | ~300 CFU/100 mL | Ineffective | +300 mV | 36 CFU/100 mL | Partial knockdown | +400 mV | 3 CFU/100 mL | Insufficient | +600 mV | 0 | Disinfection threshold | +650 to +750 mV | 0 | In-field and post-harvest working band | +800 mV | 0 | Sterilization | Hold the +650 to +750 mV band on wash, flume, hydro-cooler, and ice water and the barrier holds regardless of how load swings through the shift. The ORP reference chart covers setpoints for other processes. ## Contact time and log reduction At +700 mV, UC Davis Post-Harvest measured a 6-log CFU reduction in under 10 seconds on E. coli, Listeria, and Salmonella. Ten seconds fits inside the dwell time a dump tank or flume already provides, which is what makes an in-line barrier practical. Dose matters less than oxidizing power. Against Salmonella enterica from a 2.0×107 CFU/mL start with 30 minutes of contact, JC 9465 at 2 ppm gave a 6.60-log reduction; sodium hypochlorite at 10 ppm gave 2.02, and it took 100 ppm of hypochlorite to reach 6.49. Across biofilms, bacteria, viruses, and spores the working figure is 12 to 24 times more effective than chlorine. ## Shelf life, taste, and the organic certificate Load removed at the wash step is load that is not multiplying in a carton three days later: fewer rejected loads, more saleable days on the shelf. The mineral oxychloride chemistry does that without changing taste, because the mineral-oxide by-products are mildly biocidal and fall below FDA limits. The regulatory side matters just as much. JC 9465 holds both EPA FIFRA registration and USDA NOP organic certification, so organic and conventional lots run through the same tank at the same setpoint, with no chemistry changeover between them. ## Frequently asked questions What ORP should I hold in a produce wash tank? Hold +650 to +750 mV for in-field and post-harvest disinfection. Surviving counts reach zero at +600 mV in the reference benchmark, and at +700 mV UC Davis Post-Harvest measured a 6-log CFU reduction in under 10 seconds on E. coli, Listeria, and Salmonella. Why not just control free-chlorine ppm? Because ppm records what you added, not what is left. Soil and sugars consume free chlorine continuously, and the same ppm at a different pH does not deliver the same oxidizing power. Two tanks logged at identical ppm can produce very different microbiology. Can I use it on certified organic product? Yes. JC 9465 was certified under the USDA National Organic Program (7 CFR Part 205) in 2021 and holds EPA FIFRA registration from 2020. A mixed packing house can run organic and conventional lots through the same water at the same setpoint. Where should the disinfection barrier go first? The dump tank: every lot passes through the same water, and one contaminated bin seeds everything behind it. Flume, hydro-cooler, and ice water come next, since all three hold recirculated water in direct contact with product. Treating ice-making water carries disinfection through to melt. JC 9465 generates reactive oxygen species that attack cell membranes directly, so contact time is measured in seconds and the barrier holds across wash water, flumes, and direct-contact surfaces. Charles Jennings Owner & General Manager, Jenfitch, Inc. Charles leads the technical, regulatory, and field work behind Jenfitch's mineral oxychloride, coagulant, and metal-removal chemistry. Reach him at charles@jenfitch.com or (925) 289-3559. --- ## Municipal Water & Wastewater Treatment | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/industries-municipal-utilities Home / Industries / Municipal & Utilities # Municipal & Utilities Meet discharge limits, cut disinfection by-products, and protect plant equipment — with chemistry proven at full scale. Jenfitch gives water and wastewater utilities programs matched to specific problems: JC 9830 and JC 1687 for dissolved-metal removal, JC 1687 coagulation for potable clarification, mineral oxychloride oxidation for by-product control, and struvite and vivianite control for digesters. A year-long full-scale trial removed 94% of dissolved copper, holding effluent below 1.4 ppb. 94% Dissolved copper removed in a year-long full-scale trial ~70% Dissolved zinc removed in the same program <1.4 ppb Effluent copper — below the 3.1 ppb discharge limit >$20MM Ozone-system replacement avoided through enhancement Challenges We Solve ## What pressures does a modern utility face? ### Dissolved Metals Copper and zinc that exceed NPDES discharge limits and resist hydroxide precipitation where chelating agents are present. Learn more ### Disinfection By-Products THMs and other regulated DBPs that form when conventional disinfectants react with natural organic matter. Learn more ### Potable Clarification Turbidity and suspended solids in drinking-water treatment that demand fast, reliable coagulation and settling. Learn more ### Digester & Dewatering Scale Struvite and vivianite scale that fouls digesters, pumps, pipes, and dewatering equipment and drives up maintenance downtime. Learn more How Jenfitch Treats It ## Which programs match utility problems? ### Metal Removal Our metal-removal program feeds JC 9830 at about 10 mg/L into the aeration-basin discharge to form dense copper-sulfide precipitate, then JC 1687 at about 10 mg/L at the secondary-clarifier inlet to settle it. Sulfides precipitate over a broad pH range and dewater easily — and work where chelating agents block hydroxide precipitation. The program also converts hexavalent chrome to trivalent chrome. ### Coagulation & Flocculation For potable and process water, coagulation and flocculation with cationic coagulant JC 1687 neutralizes particle charge and binds solids into dense, fast-settling floc — improving clarity and the settling of precipitates. ### Ozone-Class Oxidation Where you need advanced oxidation, mineral oxychloride chemistry (JC 9450, NSF/ANSI 60 certified, and JC 9465) delivers a 2.8–2.9 V oxidation potential — above ozone — at less than 1% of the cost of an ozone system, and can enhance an existing ozone process to lower bromate, TOC, and regulated by-products. ### Struvite & Vivianite Control Our struvite and vivianite control program prevents the magnesium-ammonium-phosphate and iron-phosphate scale that fouls anaerobic digestion and dewatering — protecting equipment and cutting maintenance downtime. i ### Dosing you can measure Where mineral oxychloride is used, feed rate is held to a target oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in millivolts, giving operators a real-time control point that ties dosing directly to disinfection performance. Proven Results ## A full-scale, year-long metal-removal trial. In a full-scale, one-year trial at a Sierra-foothills plant in Northern California, influent dissolved copper ran 28–70+ ppb and the plant was exceeding its 3.1 ppb discharge limit. The JC 9830 + JC 1687 program removed 94% of dissolved copper and roughly 70% of dissolved zinc, bringing effluent copper below the limit. Sample date | Influent Cu (ppb) | Effluent Cu (ppb) | Cu removal | Zn removal | Mar 11 | 35 | 2.0 | 94.3% | 68.9% | Mar 15 | 28 | 1.6 | 94.3% | 79.8% | Mar 30 | 58 | 1.4 | 97.6% | 76.0% | Aug 16 | 46 | 3.8 | 91.7% | 56.3% | See the full municipal & industrial research Approved & validated EPA FIFRA Registered USDA Organic Certified NSF/ANSI Standard 60 Validated by Goleta Water District (JC 9450 THM-reduction pilot) · full-scale municipal metal-removal trial, Northern California Frequently Asked Questions ## Municipal program questions. Can Jenfitch help us meet a copper or zinc discharge limit? Yes. In a full-scale, year-long municipal trial, a JC 9830 and JC 1687 program removed 94% of dissolved copper and about 70% of dissolved zinc, bringing effluent copper below the 3.1 ppb discharge limit — even where chelating agents blocked conventional hydroxide precipitation. Why sulfide precipitation instead of hydroxide? Metal hydroxide is amphoteric — soluble at both low and high pH — and produces excessive, hard-to-dewater sludge. Copper sulfide precipitates over a broad pH range, forms a dense, easy-to-dewater sludge, and has lower solubility, giving higher removal even where chelating agents would block hydroxide precipitation. Is the chemistry certified for drinking water? JC 9465 and JC 9450 are certified to NSF/ANSI Standard 60 with a maximum certified dose of 84 mg/L, and JC 9465 is USEPA water approved and EPA FIFRA registered. NSF/ANSI Standard 60 is the standard covering drinking-water treatment chemicals, and the 84 mg/L figure is the maximum dose that certification covers. JC 9450 and JC 9465 are the same mineral oxychloride chemistry on different registration paths, so a utility selects the product matching the approval its application requires. Can we enhance an existing ozone system instead of replacing it? Yes. Mineral oxychloride chemistry can enhance an ozone process to lower bromate, TOC, and regulated by-products, and in one case helped avoid a replacement project valued at more than $20MM. Enhancement runs alongside the ozone equipment already installed rather than displacing it, so capital in the ground keeps working. Regulated by-products such as THMs form when conventional disinfectants react with natural organic matter, which is the load the added oxidation targets. How do you address digester scale? Our struvite and vivianite control program prevents the phosphate-based scale that fouls digesters, pumps, pipes, and dewatering equipment, protecting equipment and cutting maintenance downtime. That scale builds on wetted surfaces through sludge handling, so it shows up first as narrowing pipe, worn pumps, and lost throughput on dewatering equipment. Preventing it from forming is the control point, which is why the program targets conditions in the digester and downstream lines instead of removing deposits afterward. --- ## Cooling Tower Biocide & Legionella Control | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/industries-industrial-cooling Home / Industries / Industrial & Cooling # Industrial & Cooling One ORP-controlled chemical replaces the biocide-plus-dispersant stack — controlling biofilm, scale, corrosion, and Legionella at once. Jenfitch treats industrial and cooling water with a single ORP-controlled mineral oxychloride chemical, JC 9450 or JC 9465, replacing the separate biocide and dispersant stack. It controls biofilm, algae, scale, and corrosion together. At target ORP it is 12 to 24 times more effective than chlorine, and holding above +700 mV delivers a 6-log Legionella reduction in under 10 seconds. 12–24× More effective than chlorine at target ORP <10 sec Microbial kill time at the target ORP 20%+ Electricity savings cited by Southern California Edison 6-log Legionella reduction in under 10 seconds above +700 mV Challenges We Solve ## What fouls a cooling system? ### Biofilm & Corrosion Biofilm on a heat-transfer surface is 300% worse than calcium-carbonate scale — ASHRAE notes a fouling factor of just 0.001 can cut efficiency around 10%. Biofilm also shields anaerobic bacteria, driving pitting and microbially-influenced corrosion. ### Legionella Risk Legionella prefers 20–50°C (optimum 37°C), and roughly 90% of it lives inside biofilm, where it grows more resistant and harbors amoebae. Control the biofilm and you control the risk. ### Wet Scrubbers Hydrogen sulfide and odor in wet-scrubber loops that conventional chemistry struggles to knock down cleanly. Learn more ### Zebra & Quagga Mussels Invasive mussels that colonize intakes and piping — where ozone dissipates too fast to hold a protective residual. Learn more ### RO Pretreatment Biofouling and organics that shorten membrane life and drive up cleaning frequency on reverse-osmosis systems. Learn more How Jenfitch Treats It ## Can one chemical be controlled by ORP? A single-chemical, ORP-controlled mineral oxychloride program — JC 9450 (NSF/ANSI 60 certified) or JC 9465 — controls biofilm, algae, scale, and corrosion together while lowering cost, improving heat transfer, and reducing Legionella risk. At target ORP the chemistry is 12–24× more effective than chlorine, with microbial kill in under 10 seconds. For Legionella specifically, holding ORP above +700 mV delivers a 6-log reduction in under 10 seconds and, per Special Pathogen Laboratory, eliminates legionellosis in most systems in under four hours. The same oxidation works in wet scrubbers to eliminate H₂S, and — unlike ozone — leaves a lasting residual for zebra- and quagga-mussel control. i ### ORP is the control point Rather than dosing biocide and dispersant separately by ppm, operators hold a target oxidation-reduction potential in millivolts. Because kill efficacy tracks ORP, a single set-point manages disinfection, biofilm, and corrosion together. Proven Results ## Cooling and scrubber numbers. Result | Performance | Source / context | Effectiveness vs chlorine | 12–24× | Biofilm, bacteria, viruses and spores | Microbial kill time | <10 sec | At the target ORP | Electricity savings | 20%+ | Cited by Southern California Edison (SCE) | Legionella reduction | 6-log in <10 sec | Special Pathogen Laboratory, above +700 mV | Wet-scrubber H₂S removed | 2,000 mg/L | Houston study; ORP shift −150 to +100 mV | See the full cooling towers & scrubbers research Approved & validated EPA FIFRA Registered USDA Organic Certified NSF/ANSI Standard 60 Validated by Special Pathogen Laboratory (Legionella) · Southern California Edison (SCE) · Montana State University, Center for Biofilm Engineering Frequently Asked Questions ## Cooling program questions. Can one chemical really replace our biocide and dispersant? Yes. A single-chemical, ORP-controlled mineral oxychloride program (JC 9450 or JC 9465) controls biofilm, algae, scale, and corrosion together, and at target ORP it is 12 to 24 times more effective than chlorine, with microbial kill in under 10 seconds. Collapsing the biocide-plus-dispersant stack into one ORP-controlled feed lowers cost, improves heat transfer, and reduces Legionella risk. JC 9465 and JC 9450 are NSF/ANSI 60 certified, and Southern California Edison has cited electricity savings above 20%. How does this reduce Legionella risk? Because roughly 90% of Legionella lives inside biofilm, destroying the biofilm is key. Holding ORP above +700 mV delivers a 6-log Legionella reduction in under 10 seconds and, per Special Pathogen Laboratory, can eliminate legionellosis in most systems in under four hours. Why does biofilm matter more than scale? Biofilm on a heat-transfer surface is 300% worse than calcium-carbonate scale for heat transfer, and ASHRAE notes a fouling factor of just 0.001 can cut efficiency around 10%. Biofilm also shields anaerobic bacteria that cause pitting and corrosion. Roughly 90% of Legionella lives inside biofilm, where it grows more resistant and harbors amoebae. Controlling the biofilm therefore addresses heat transfer, corrosion, and Legionella risk from a single control point. Can it handle wet-scrubber H2S? Yes. In a Houston study on a natural-gas stream carrying 2,000 mg/L H2S, the program achieved complete H2S elimination with an ORP shift from -150 mV to +100 mV, leaving only inert sulfate residuals. The ORP shift is the control signal, moving the loop from a reducing condition to an oxidising one. Because the sulfide is oxidised through to sulfate, the hydrogen sulfide and its odor leave the scrubber loop instead of recirculating. What about zebra and quagga mussels? Mineral oxychloride delivers ozone-class oxidation but, unlike ozone, holds a lasting residual, so protection persists through intakes and piping rather than dissipating. Invasive zebra and quagga mussels colonize exactly those intakes and piping, which is where ozone dissipates too fast to hold a protective residual. Carrying oxidation potential downstream of the injection point is what lets one feed cover the length of the intake instead of only the point of contact. --- ## Organic Crop & Food-Safety Water Treatment | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/industries-food-agriculture Home / Industries / Food & Agriculture # Food & Agriculture EPA- and USDA-Organic-approved oxidation that disinfects produce, protects crops, and lifts yields — without changing taste. Jenfitch treats food and agriculture water with JC 9465, a mineral oxychloride oxidant that is EPA FIFRA registered and USDA NOP organic certified. In post-harvest wash and hydro-cooling it delivers a 6-log CFU reduction in under 10 seconds on E. coli, Listeria, and Salmonella at +700 mV. Foliar and soil applications control crop disease and raise yield. 6-log CFU reduction in <10 sec on E. coli, Listeria & Salmonella +49% Harvestable vineyard yield in a foliar field study −50% Sour rot in the same vineyard study 99.99% Of bacteria & viruses controlled in citrus trials Challenges We Solve ## What happens from field to pack house? ### Post-Harvest Wash & Hydro-Cooling Cross-contamination in wash water and hydro-coolers, where a single pathogen event can taint an entire lot. Learn more ### Crop Disease Citrus greening (HLB), Xylella fastidiosa in olives, and Bakanae in rice — diseases that quietly erode harvest after harvest. Learn more ### Yield & Quality Sour rot, low cluster counts, and constrained xylem/phloem flow that cap what a mature planting can produce. Learn more ### Shelf Life Spoilage and short shelf life that shrink the sellable window — without room to alter taste. Learn more How Jenfitch Treats It ## Where can one approved chemistry be used? Flagship mineral oxychloride product JC 9465 is EPA FIFRA registered and USDA NOP Organic certified (7 CFR Part 205), so the same ORP-controlled oxidation works across organic and conventional operations. In post-harvest wash and hydro-cooling it delivers a 6-log CFU reduction in under 10 seconds on E. coli, Listeria, and Salmonella at +700 mV — validated by UC Davis Post-Harvest — and eliminates cross-contamination during apple harvesting per the University of Washington. In the field, foliar and soil applications drive crop-disease control and yield: a Sawtooth Ag Research vineyard study recorded a 49% increase in harvestable yield and a 50% reduction in sour rot. A citrus-greening protocol with GreenAgri Solutions moved trees from decline to marketable fruit, and the chemistry breaks down the biofilm that Xylella uses to clog olive xylem. It extends shelf life without changing taste — and its mildly biocidal by-products resist recontamination. i ### Organic-program ready JC 9465 is USDA NOP Organic certified under 7 CFR Part 205 and EPA FIFRA registered, so growers and packers can use the same chemistry across organic and conventional lines. Proven Results ## Field and lab results. Study / application | Result | Validator | Post-harvest wash disinfection | 6-log in <10 sec | UC Davis Post-Harvest | Vineyard foliar (French Colombard, Selma CA) | +49% yield, −50% sour rot | Sawtooth Ag Research | Vineyard clusters per vine | 60 → 73 | Sawtooth Ag Research | Citrus greening (HLB) recovery | Marketable fruit in 60 days | GreenAgri Solutions LLC | Bakanae in rice | ~30% loss → below 10% | SE Asia field trials | See the full agricultural research Approved & validated EPA FIFRA Registered USDA Organic Certified NSF/ANSI Standard 60 Validated by UC Davis Post-Harvest · University of Washington · Sawtooth Ag Research (Selma, CA) · GreenAgri Solutions LLC (Springhill, FL) Frequently Asked Questions ## Food & agriculture program questions. Is the chemistry approved for organic and food use? Yes. JC 9465 is EPA FIFRA registered and USDA NOP Organic certified under 7 CFR Part 205, so it can be used across organic and conventional operations, including post-harvest wash and hydro-cooling. JC 9465 is the flagship mineral oxychloride product, and the same ORP-controlled oxidation applies on either side of that line. That gives a grower or packer one chemistry and one control method from the field through the pack house rather than two separate programs. How well does it disinfect produce? UC Davis Post-Harvest measured a 6-log CFU reduction in under 10 seconds on E. coli, Listeria, and Salmonella at +700 mV, and the University of Washington found it eliminates cross-contamination during apple harvesting. The +700 mV figure is an oxidation-reduction potential setpoint, so a wash line or hydro-cooler is held at that millivolt reading rather than at a fixed concentration. Contact time measured in seconds suits continuous handling, where product does not sit in the water. Does it change taste or extend shelf life? It extends shelf life without changing taste. The reaction is effectively catalytic and its mineral-oxide by-products are mildly biocidal, helping resist recontamination, and below FDA limits. Spoilage and short shelf life shrink the sellable window, and produce programs have no room to alter taste, so a treatment has to deliver one without costing the other. Because the by-products stay mildly biocidal, protection does not end the moment product leaves the wash water. What yield gains have you seen? A Sawtooth Ag Research vineyard field study recorded a 49% increase in harvestable yield and a 50% reduction in sour rot, with clusters per vine rising from 60 to 73. Crop-yield gains across trials have ranged from 30-60%. The vineyard work used foliar and soil applications of the same EPA FIFRA registered and USDA NOP Organic certified chemistry. Sour rot, low cluster counts, and constrained xylem and phloem flow are what cap a mature planting. Can it help with crop diseases? Yes. A citrus-greening protocol with GreenAgri Solutions moved trees to marketable fruit within 60 days, the chemistry breaks down the biofilm Xylella uses to clog olive xylem, and Bakanae losses in rice fell from about 30% to below 10%. Citrus greening, Xylella fastidiosa in olives, and Bakanae in rice erode harvest after harvest rather than causing one visible loss. Citrus trials reported 99.99% of bacteria and viruses controlled using foliar and soil applications. --- ## Oil & Gas Water Treatment: H2S & Paraffin | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/industries-oil-gas Home / Industries / Oil & Gas # Oil & Gas Lift stripper-well output, eliminate H₂S and iron sulfide, and treat produced water — with ozone-class oxidation that leaves a residual. Jenfitch treats oil and gas water with JC 9450 and JC 9465, mineral oxychloride chemistry that generates reactive oxygen species reacting with H2S, iron sulfide, biofilm, and paraffin while breaking produced-water emulsions. In a Pecos County, Texas field study, 5 gallons per day into the casing lifted wells from 1-2 to 15 barrels per day. +72% Oil output in a side-by-side well comparison 2,000 mg/L H₂S eliminated in a wet-scrubber gas stream $0.0040/lb Cost of H₂S removed in the scrubber study <$100/day To lift a stripper well from 1–2 to 15 bbl/day Challenges We Solve ## What holds a well back? ### Stripper-Well Economics A stripper well averages 15 bbl/day or less (typically 1–2). The NSWA counts 770,000+ US stripper wells — 11.3% of US oil and 8.3% of gas — yet 50–70% of the oil beneath them is unrecoverable due to pressure, permeability, and paraffin. ### H₂S, Iron Sulfide & Produced Water Sour gas (>10 ppmv H₂S), iron-sulfide fouling, downhole biofilm, and paraffin/asphaltene deposition — plus produced water that needs emulsion breaking and polishing. How Jenfitch Treats It ## How does ROS work downhole and topside? JC 9450 (and flagship JC 9465) generate reactive oxygen species from mineral oxychloride chemistry that react with H₂S, iron sulfide, biofilm, and bacteria, act as an emulsion breaker and micro-flocculant for produced water, and destabilize paraffin and asphaltene. Because the oxidation carries a lasting residual — unlike ozone, which dissipates — protection persists downhole and through the gathering system. For oily-water polishing, our organo-clay technology adsorbs oil, grease, and hydrophobic organics ahead of membranes or carbon. In a Pecos County, Texas field study (Feb 2020, four wells), 5 gal/day of JC 9450 into the casing lifted wells from 1–2 bbl/day to 15 bbl/day for under $100/day, eliminating H₂S in gas and liquid and leaving produced water with no detectable iron, bacteria, or H₂S. i ### A residual ozone can't match Mineral oxychloride delivers ozone-class oxidation (2.8–2.9 V) but holds a residual, so treatment keeps working after injection rather than dissipating like a dissolved gas. Proven Results ## Field numbers from the oil patch. A side-by-side comparison (Well 10 with JC 9450 vs Well 12 control) estimated 33.5 vs 19.5 bbl/day — a 72% gain — with treatment in 4 hours versus 4–7 days conventionally and material cost of $9,600 vs $11,100. In a Houston wet-scrubber study, a natural-gas stream carrying 2,000 mg/L H₂S with 5% CO₂ achieved complete H₂S elimination, an ORP shift from −150 to +100 mV, and only inert sulfate residuals. Metric | JC 9450 (Well 10) | Control (Well 12) | Estimated output | 33.5 bbl/day | 19.5 bbl/day | Treatment time | 4 hours | 4–7 days | Material cost | $9,600 | $11,100 | Bottle-test bacteria | <1K CFU | <10K CFU | See the full oil & gas research Approved & validated EPA FIFRA Registered USDA Organic Certified NSF/ANSI Standard 60 Validated by Pecos County, TX field study (4 wells) · side-by-side oil-well stimulation trial · Houston H₂S wet-scrubber study Frequently Asked Questions ## Oil & gas program questions. How much can output improve on a stripper well? In a Pecos County, Texas field study, 5 gal/day of JC 9450 into the casing lifted wells from 1–2 bbl/day to 15 bbl/day for under $100/day. A side-by-side comparison estimated a 72% output gain (33.5 vs 19.5 bbl/day) over an untreated control. Does it eliminate H2S and sour gas? Yes. In a Houston wet-scrubber study, a natural-gas stream carrying 2,000 mg/L H2S with 5% CO2 achieved complete H2S elimination at $0.0040/lb removed, with an ORP shift from -150 to +100 mV and only inert sulfate residuals. Sour gas here means a stream above 10 ppmv H2S, so that loading sat far above the threshold. The ORP shift is the control signal, and the sulfide is oxidised through to sulfate rather than moved to another phase. What about iron sulfide, biofilm, and paraffin? The ROS chemistry reacts with H2S, iron sulfide, biofilm, and bacteria, and destabilizes paraffin and asphaltene, and treated produced water showed no detectable iron, bacteria, or H2S. In a Pecos County, Texas field study covering four wells, 5 gal/day of JC 9450 into the casing eliminated H2S in both gas and liquid. Iron-sulfide fouling, downhole biofilm, and paraffin deposition all restrict flow, so one feed addresses several deposits at once. How is this different from ozone treatment? Mineral oxychloride delivers ozone-class oxidation (2.8-2.9 V) but carries a lasting residual, so protection persists downhole and through the gathering system rather than dissipating like a dissolved gas. Ozone has to be generated and dissolved at the point of use, so its effect ends near where it is introduced. Because the mineral oxychloride residual travels with the fluid, H2S, iron sulfide, and biofilm control continues past the injection point. Can you treat produced water? Yes. JC 9450 acts as an emulsion breaker and micro-flocculant, and our organo-clay technology adsorbs oil, grease, and hydrophobic organics ahead of membranes or carbon. Breaking the emulsion releases dispersed oil so it can separate, while the micro-flocculant action binds fine solids into floc that settles. Organo-clay is organically-modified clay media, and using it as a polishing step protects downstream membranes or carbon from the organics that shorten their life. --- ## 94% Copper Removal Case Study | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/case-copper-removal Home / Case Studies / Copper Removal # 94% Dissolved Copper Removal at a Northern California Municipal Plant A full-scale, year-long trial at a Sierra-foothills municipal wastewater plant pulled dissolved copper below its discharge limit using the JC 9830 + JC 1687 program. A year-long full-scale trial at a Sierra-foothills municipal wastewater plant in Northern California removed 94% of dissolved copper and roughly 70% of dissolved zinc. JC 9830 metal precipitant at 10 mg/L and JC 1687 cationic coagulant at 10 mg/L held effluent copper below 1.4 ppb against a 3.1 ppb discharge limit. Last updated 26 September 2026 94% Dissolved copper removed ~70% Dissolved zinc removed <1.4 ppb Effluent copper (limit 3.1 ppb) Industry: Municipal & UtilitiesLocation: Sierra foothills, Northern CaliforniaProducts: JC 9830 + JC 1687 The Problem ## What was the copper problem? A municipal wastewater treatment plant in the Sierra foothills of Northern California faced dissolved copper in its influent ranging from 28 to more than 70 ppb. That left effluent exceeding the plant's 3.1 ppb dissolved-copper discharge limit — a limit confirmed by a Water-Effect Ratio study. Conventional hydroxide precipitation was a poor fit. Metal hydroxide is amphoteric — soluble at both low and high pH, with an optimum copper pH near 8.1 — and it generates excessive, hard-to-dewater sludge. Worse, natural chelating agents in the water can block hydroxide precipitation entirely, leaving copper dissolved and in the effluent. i ### Why sulfides beat hydroxides Copper sulfide precipitates over a broad pH range, forms a dense, easy-to-dewater sludge, and has lower solubility than copper hydroxide — so it delivers higher removal, and it works even where chelating agents defeat hydroxide precipitation. The same chemistry also converts hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium. The Program ## How did Jenfitch remove the copper? Jenfitch deployed a two-product program built around metal-sulfide precipitation followed by coagulation: - JC 9830 metal precipitant @ 10 mg/L dosed into the aeration-basin discharge, forming an insoluble copper-sulfide precipitate. - JC 1687 cationic coagulant @ 10 mg/L dosed at the secondary-clarifier inlet, building a dense, fast-settling floc to capture the precipitate. - Full-scale operation over a one-year trial on the live plant — not a bench simulation. - Removal that holds across a broad pH range, unaffected by the chelating agents that block hydroxide precipitation. The Data ## What were the results? Influent vs. effluent dissolved copper and copper/zinc removal, by sample date Sample date | Influent Cu (ppb) | Effluent Cu (ppb) | Cu removal | Zn removal | March 11 | 35 | 2.0 | 94.3% | 68.9% | March 15 | 28 | 1.6 | 94.3% | 79.8% | March 30 | 58 | 1.4 | 97.6% | 76.0% | August 16 | 46 | 3.8 | 91.7% | 56.3% | i ### Below the limit, for a full year Across the trial the program removed 94% of dissolved copper and roughly 70% of dissolved zinc, holding effluent copper below 1.4 ppb — well under the 3.1 ppb discharge limit, with non-detect / <0.5 ppb results in other trials. The Numbers ## Sample-by-sample results The headline figure from the trial is 94% dissolved copper removal, but the value of a full-scale, year-long program is that it is sampled repeatedly against a moving influent. Copper into the plant ranged from 28 to 58 ppb across the sampling dates below, and effluent stayed under the 3.1 ppb discharge limit throughout. Dissolved copper and zinc removal by sampling date, full-scale municipal trial Date | Influent Cu | Effluent Cu | Cu removal | Zn removal | March 11 | 35 ppb | 2.0 ppb | 94.3% | 68.9% | March 15 | 28 ppb | 1.6 ppb | 94.3% | 79.8% | March 30 | 58 ppb | 1.4 ppb | 97.6% | 76.0% | August 16 | 46 ppb | 3.8 ppb | 91.7% | 56.3% | The March 30 row is the useful one for a permit discussion. Influent that day was the highest of the four at 58 ppb — roughly nineteen times the discharge limit — and effluent was the lowest at 1.4 ppb. Removal efficiency rose with loading rather than falling, which is the behaviour a plant needs when influent is not under its control. The Chemistry ## Why does sulfide precipitation beat hydroxide? Most metals-removal programs precipitate metal hydroxides by raising pH. It works, but it carries three structural problems that show up as soon as a permit limit gets tight. First, metal hydroxide is amphoteric — soluble at low pH and soluble again at high pH. There is a narrow window where it precipitates properly, and for copper the optimum sits near pH 8.1. Drift either side of that window and dissolved metal goes back into solution. Second, hydroxide precipitation produces a large volume of gelatinous sludge that dewaters badly, so the plant trades a water problem for a solids-handling problem. Third, where natural chelating agents are present in the wastewater — common in any collection system taking industrial or commercial flow — they bind the metal and block hydroxide precipitation outright. Metal-sulfide precipitation with JC 9830 avoids all three. Copper sulfide precipitates across a broad pH range rather than in a narrow window, so it does not need tight pH control. It forms a dense, easily dewatered sludge, cutting handling volume. And it has a lower solubility than the corresponding hydroxide, which is the reason it can reach single-digit-ppb effluent at all — including where chelating agents would otherwise defeat a hydroxide program. As a secondary benefit, the same sulfide chemistry reduces hexavalent chromium to the trivalent form. Pairing JC 9830 with the cationic coagulant JC 1687 at the secondary-clarifier inlet is what turns the precipitate into a floc that actually settles. The precipitant makes the particle; the coagulant makes it heavy enough to leave the water. Documentation ## Read the full study PDFTechnical Brief — Removing Dissolved Copper in Wastewater Treatment Plant↗ PDFCase Study — Removing Dissolved Copper (additional data)↗ Related: Metal Removal program · Municipal & Industrial research Frequently Asked Questions ## About this copper-removal program. What products were used and at what dose? JC 9830 metal precipitant was fed at 10 mg/L into the aeration-basin discharge, and JC 1687 cationic coagulant was fed at 10 mg/L at the secondary-clarifier inlet. JC 9830 forms an insoluble copper sulfide; JC 1687 builds a dense floc that settles the precipitate. Why not use conventional hydroxide precipitation? Metal hydroxide is amphoteric (soluble at low and high pH), makes excessive hard-to-dewater sludge, and can be blocked entirely by natural chelating agents. Copper sulfide precipitates over a broad pH range with lower solubility and a denser sludge, so it removes more copper more reliably. Did the program meet the discharge limit? Yes. Across the year-long full-scale trial it held effluent copper below 1.4 ppb, under the plant's 3.1 ppb dissolved-copper discharge limit, while removing about 70% of dissolved zinc. Influent copper at the Sierra-foothills plant ranged from 28 to more than 70 ppb, and the discharge limit itself was confirmed by a Water-Effect Ratio study. Removal came from the JC 9830 and JC 1687 program, which took out 94% of dissolved copper. Does it help with other metals? Yes. In addition to copper and zinc, the sulfide chemistry converts hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium and removes other dissolved metals as insoluble sulfides. Metal sulfides precipitate across a broad pH range, form a dense sludge that is easier to dewater, and have lower solubility than the corresponding hydroxides. Sulfide precipitation also works where natural chelating agents would otherwise block hydroxide precipitation and leave metals dissolved in the effluent. --- ## 6-Log Legionella Kill Case Study | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/case-legionella Home / Case Studies / Legionella Control # 6-Log Legionella Reduction in Under 10 Seconds Independent testing by Special Pathogen Laboratory (Pennsylvania) of Jenfitch mineral oxychloride chemistry held at a target ORP. Jenfitch mineral oxychloride chemistry achieved a 6-log Legionella reduction in under 10 seconds in independent testing by Special Pathogen Laboratory in Pennsylvania. Dosing to hold system ORP above +700 mV also breaks down the biofilm that harbors roughly 90% of Legionella, eliminating legionellosis risk in most systems in under four hours. Last updated 26 September 2026 6-log Legionella reduction <10 sec Contact time <4 hrs To eliminate legionellosis risk Industry: Industrial & CoolingValidator: Special Pathogen Laboratory, PAProducts: JC 9450 / JC 9465 The Problem ## What was the Legionella problem? Legionella thrives in warm water systems — it prefers 20–50 °C, with an optimum near 37 °C — making cooling towers and similar equipment a persistent risk. The bacteria are hard to reach because roughly 90% of Legionella lives inside biofilm (Montana State University Center for Biofilm Engineering), where it is more resistant to treatment and harbored by amoebae. Conventional disinfection struggles to penetrate that biofilm fast enough to drive Legionella down to safe levels, leaving systems exposed to legionellosis. The Program ## How did Jenfitch control Legionella? Jenfitch's mineral oxychloride chemistry is dosed to a target oxidation-reduction potential rather than by ppm alone. Because kill efficacy tracks ORP, holding the system above +700 mV creates a disinfection regime lethal to Legionella — and its reactive oxygen species break down the biofilm that shields the bacteria. - Hold system ORP above +700 mV using JC 9450 / JC 9465 mineral oxychloride chemistry. - ROS attacks the biofilm matrix where ~90% of Legionella hides, not just the free-swimming cells. - Single-chemical, ORP-controlled program that also manages algae, scale, and corrosion. - Kill validated independently by Special Pathogen Laboratory in Pennsylvania. The Data ## What were the results? Special Pathogen Laboratory results for Jenfitch mineral oxychloride chemistry Parameter | Result | Legionella reduction | 6-log | Contact time to achieve it | Under 10 seconds | ORP held | > +700 mV | Time to eliminate legionellosis in most systems | Under 4 hours | Share of Legionella living in biofilm | ~90% | i ### Fast enough to matter Holding ORP above +700 mV delivered a 6-log Legionella reduction in under 10 seconds — and, by breaking down the sheltering biofilm, eliminated legionellosis in most systems in under 4 hours. The Real Target ## Why is biofilm the target, not water? Testing tower water and finding it clean is not the same as having a clean tower. Research from the Center for Biofilm Engineering at Montana State University puts roughly 90% of Legionella inside biofilm rather than free-floating in the bulk water. A grab sample measures the 10%. Biofilm is not a passive layer. Its extracellular polymeric substance shields the organisms inside it, and Legionella grown in biofilm is measurably more resistant to disinfection than the same organism grown in suspension. Biofilm also harbours amoebae, which Legionella parasitises — giving the bacterium a second protected reservoir inside the first. Temperature makes a cooling tower an unusually good host. Legionella prefers 20–50 °C with an optimum near 37 °C, which is the normal operating range of tower water for much of the year. There is a second reason to care about the biofilm even setting risk aside. On a heat-transfer surface, biofilm is roughly 300% worse than calcium-carbonate scale of the same thickness. ASHRAE data shows a fouling factor of just 0.001 can cut efficiency by about 10%, and Southern California Edison has cited electricity savings of 20% or more where fouling is properly controlled. The biofilm that hides Legionella is also the biofilm raising the power bill. Operating Guidance ## The ORP control band The Special Pathogen Laboratory result — a 6-log reduction in under 10 seconds — is tied to a specific condition: holding ORP above +700 mV. Kill rate in this chemistry is a function of oxidation potential, not of concentration, which is why ORP rather than ppm is the number to control against. In practice that means two different setpoints for two different jobs. Routine biofilm and MIC control in a tower runs in the 400–500 mV band. Remediation — breaking down established biofilm and the organisms inside it — needs the higher 600–800 mV range. Held there, most systems clear in under four hours. Because the same product covers oxidation, biofilm dispersion, and algae control, the tower runs on a single ORP-controlled feed instead of a biocide, a dispersant, and an algaecide on separate schedules. That is a maintenance simplification as much as a chemical one — and unlike ozone, the chemistry leaves a residual, so protection persists between doses instead of dissipating. Documentation ## Read the full study PDFJenfitch's Breakthrough on Legionella↗ PDFLegionella Prevention and Control Guide↗ Related: Cooling Towers & Scrubbers research · ORP Chart Frequently Asked Questions ## About this Legionella result. Who validated the 6-log reduction? Special Pathogen Laboratory in Pennsylvania confirmed a 6-log Legionella reduction in under 10 seconds when the system is held above +700 mV. The testing was run on Jenfitch mineral oxychloride chemistry, the same chemistry sold as JC 9450 and JC 9465. Because the result is tied to holding a target oxidation-reduction potential, it reflects how the program is actually operated in a cooling system rather than a fixed product concentration. Why is biofilm the key issue? Roughly 90% of Legionella lives inside biofilm (Montana State University Center for Biofilm Engineering), where it is more resistant and harbored by amoebae. Jenfitch ROS breaks down that biofilm so the bacteria can be reached. Conventional disinfection struggles to penetrate the matrix fast enough to drive counts down to safe levels, which leaves warm-water systems exposed. Legionella favors warm water between 20 and 50 degrees Celsius, with an optimum near 37, so cooling towers remain a persistent risk. How does ORP control the kill? The chemistry is dosed to a target ORP rather than by ppm alone. Because kill efficacy tracks ORP, holding above +700 mV delivers a 6-log kill in under 10 seconds. Oxidation-reduction potential measures how oxidizing the water is at any moment, so it reflects the condition that actually kills the organism. Running JC 9450 or JC 9465 to that setpoint gives a single-chemical program that also manages algae, scale, and corrosion. How quickly can a system be cleared? By breaking down the sheltering biofilm, the program eliminates legionellosis in most systems in under 4 hours. That speed comes from attacking the biofilm matrix where roughly 90% of Legionella hides, rather than only the free-swimming cells in the bulk water. The system is held above +700 mV with JC 9450 or JC 9465 mineral oxychloride chemistry, and the kill itself takes under 10 seconds at that potential. --- ## Wet-Scrubber H2S Elimination Case Study | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/case-h2s-scrubber Home / Case Studies / H₂S Scrubber # Complete H₂S Elimination in a Wet Scrubber A Houston study on a natural-gas stream carrying 2,000 mg/L hydrogen sulfide, scrubbed with JC 9465 ROS chemistry. JC 9465 completely eliminated 2,000 mg/L of hydrogen sulfide from a Houston natural-gas stream treated in a wet scrubber. Its reactive oxygen species oxidized sulfide to inert sulfate rather than transferring it to a spent-media waste stream, shifting scrubber ORP from about -150 mV to +100 mV at $0.0040 per pound removed. Last updated 26 September 2026 2,000 mg/L H₂S completely eliminated −150→+100 mV ORP shift $0.0040/lb Cost per lb H₂S removed Industry: Oil & Gas / IndustrialLocation: Houston, TexasProduct: JC 9465 The Problem ## What was the H2S problem? A Houston natural-gas stream carried 2,000 mg/L of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) along with 5% CO₂. Any gas above 10 ppmv H₂S is classed as "sour," and at 2,000 mg/L this stream was far into corrosive, hazardous territory — a threat to equipment, safety, and downstream processing. The reducing chemistry of the stream registered a negative oxidation-reduction potential of roughly −150 mV, the signature of an environment where sulfide dominates. The Program ## How did Jenfitch treat the scrubber? JC 9465 was applied in the wet-scrubber circuit, where its reactive oxygen species oxidize hydrogen sulfide directly. Rather than transferring the problem to a spent-media waste stream, the reaction converts sulfide to inert sulfate. - JC 9465 ROS oxidized the H₂S in the scrubber liquor on contact. - ORP was driven from roughly −150 mV up to +100 mV, crossing from a reducing to an oxidizing regime. - The only residuals left behind were inert sulfates — no hazardous by-products. - Treatment cost landed at just $0.0040 per pound of H₂S removed. The Data ## What were the results? Houston wet-scrubber H₂S study: before vs. after JC 9465 treatment Metric | Before | After | H₂S in gas stream | 2,000 mg/L | Completely eliminated | ORP | −150 mV | +100 mV | Residuals | Sulfide (corrosive) | Inert sulfates only | Cost per lb H₂S removed | — | $0.0040 | i ### Sour gas to clean, at fractions of a cent The scrubber completely eliminated 2,000 mg/L of H₂S, shifted ORP from −150 to +100 mV, and left only inert sulfate residuals — all for $0.0040 per pound of H₂S removed. The Chemistry ## Why does oxidation beat transfer? Most conventional approaches to hydrogen sulfide do not destroy it — they move it. Solid scavenger media bind sulfide onto a bed that eventually saturates and has to be pulled, hauled, and disposed of as a hazardous waste. Liquid triazine scavengers bind sulfide into a reaction product that still has to leave the site. In both cases the operator is paying twice: once for the chemistry, and again for the disposal of whatever the chemistry produced. Mineral oxychloride chemistry works differently. It delivers reactive oxygen species at an oxidation potential of 2.8–2.9 V — well above ozone at 2.07 V and more than double sodium hypochlorite at 0.94 V — and that potential is high enough to oxidize sulfide straight through to sulfate. Sulfate is inert, water-soluble, and already present in most process streams. There is no spent bed and no reaction product to manifest. That difference is what produced the $0.0040-per-pound figure. The cost is the chemistry alone, because nothing downstream needs handling. Operating Guidance ## Running the scrubber on ORP The practical control variable in a wet scrubber is not dose in parts per million — it is oxidation-reduction potential. Sulfide loading swings with the incoming gas, so a fixed ppm feed is either wasteful when the stream is lean or short when it is rich. Feeding to an ORP setpoint lets the system self-correct. For H₂S control in scrubbers the working band is +100 to +300 mV. Below zero, sulfide is still present and the liquor is chemically reducing. Crossing into positive territory is the measurable signal that free sulfide has been consumed. The Houston study landed at +100 mV, the bottom of that band — complete elimination at the lowest chemical demand, which is exactly where an operator wants to sit. As a starting point for sizing, roughly 1 mg/L of product per 2.0 mg/L of H₂S is the published rule of thumb, with the ORP controller trimming from there. The chemistry stays effective across a pH range of 4 to 9, which covers essentially every scrubber liquor in service. Installation is modest: a metering pump, a storage tank, and an ORP probe and controller. The same control logic carries over to the rest of the sour-service problem — iron sulfide, downhole biofilm, and produced water all respond to the same ORP-driven feed. Documentation ## Read the full study PDFTechnical Brief — Eliminating H₂S in Wet Scrubbers↗ Related: Cooling Towers & Scrubbers research · Oil & Gas research Frequently Asked Questions ## About this H₂S scrubber study. How much H₂S was in the stream? The Houston natural-gas stream carried 2,000 mg/L of H₂S plus 5% CO₂. Any gas above 10 ppmv H₂S is considered "sour," so this was heavily loaded, and JC 9465 eliminated it completely. At that loading the stream was corrosive and hazardous, a threat to equipment, safety, and downstream processing, and its reducing chemistry registered an oxidation-reduction potential of roughly -150 mV before treatment. What does the ORP shift mean? ORP moved from about −150 mV to +100 mV, crossing from a reducing (sulfide-dominated) environment to an oxidizing one, the measurable signature of the sulfide being oxidized away. Oxidation-reduction potential is the millivolt measure of how oxidizing or reducing a solution is, so a negative reading indicates sulfide dominance and a positive reading indicates that the reactive oxygen species chemistry now controls the scrubber liquor. What residuals are left behind? Only inert sulfates. The reaction oxidizes hydrogen sulfide rather than transferring it to a hazardous spent-media stream, so there are no corrosive or hazardous by-products to manage. JC 9465 was applied in the wet-scrubber circuit, where its reactive oxygen species attack hydrogen sulfide directly and convert sulfide to sulfate in the scrubber liquor. That leaves the scrubbing solution to be handled without the disposal burden a spent-media system creates. How cost-effective is it? Treatment came in at $0.0040 per pound of H₂S removed, making complete scrubbing of a heavily sour stream economical. That figure covers a Houston gas stream carrying 2,000 mg/L of hydrogen sulfide, which was completely eliminated. Because the sulfide is converted to inert sulfates rather than captured on spent media, the cost per pound is not followed by a separate hazardous-waste disposal charge. --- ## Stripper-Well Output Case Study | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/case-stripper-wells Home / Case Studies / Stripper Wells # Stripper-Well Output Raised from 1–2 to 15 Barrels/Day A February 2020 four-well field study in Pecos County, Texas, using JC 9450 ROS chemistry dosed into the well casing. Stripper-well output rose from 1 to 2 barrels per day to 15 barrels per day in a February 2020 four-well field study in Pecos County, Texas, using JC 9450 dosed into the well casing at 5 gallons per day for under $100 per day. H2S, iron, and bacteria were eliminated. Last updated 26 September 2026 15 bbl/day Output, up from 1–2 <$100/day Treatment cost +72% Side-by-side vs. control Industry: Oil & GasLocation: Pecos County, TexasProduct: JC 9450 The Problem ## What was the stripper-well problem? A stripper well is a marginal oil or gas well averaging 15 barrels per day or less — and typically producing just 1 to 2. The National Stripper Well Association counts more than 770,000 of them in the U.S., accounting for 11.3% of domestic oil and 8.3% of gas. Yet 50 to 70% of the oil beneath them is considered unrecoverable due to pressure, permeability, and paraffin problems. These wells are also plagued by H₂S, iron sulfide, biofilm, and bacteria that foul the formation and the produced water — and conventional stimulation is slow and expensive. The Program ## How did Jenfitch treat the wells? JC 9450 releases reactive oxygen species that react with H₂S, iron sulfide, biofilm, and bacteria; it also acts as an emulsion breaker and micro-flocculant for produced water and destabilizes paraffin and asphaltene. In the Pecos County study it was dosed directly into the well casing. - 5 gallons/day of JC 9450 into the casing across a four-well field study (February 2020). - Output climbed from 1–2 bbl/day to 15 bbl/day — roughly 15 barrels produced per 12 hours — for less than $100/day. - H₂S eliminated in both the gas and liquid phases; produced water showed no detectable iron, bacteria, or H₂S. - In a June 2016 side-by-side stimulation, the treated well was cleaned up in 4 hours versus the 4–7 days a conventional job takes. The Data ## What were the results? Side-by-side stimulation: Well 10 (JC 9450) vs. Well 12 (conventional control) Metric | Well 10 — JC 9450 | Well 12 — Control | Estimated output (bbl/day) | 33.5 | 19.5 | Output gain | +72% | — | Treatment time | 4 hours | 4–7 days | Material cost | $9,600 | $11,100 | Bottle test (bacteria, CFU) | <1,000 | <10,000 | i ### More oil, faster, for less The JC 9450 well produced an estimated 33.5 bbl/day against the control's 19.5 — a 72% gain — and did it in 4 hours instead of 4–7 days, at lower material cost and with cleaner produced water. Documentation ## Read the full study PDFField Study — Hydroxyl Radical Ions Increase Output of Stripper Wells↗ Related: Oil & Gas research · Mineral Oxychloride Technology Frequently Asked Questions ## About this stripper-well study. What is a stripper well? A stripper well is a marginal oil or gas well averaging 15 barrels per day or less, typically producing just 1 to 2. The U.S. has more than 770,000 of them, accounting for 11.3% of domestic oil and 8.3% of gas. How was JC 9450 applied and what did it cost? In the Pecos County field study, 5 gallons/day of JC 9450 was dosed into the well casing. Output rose from 1–2 to 15 bbl/day for less than $100/day in treatment cost. The four-well study ran in February 2020 in Texas, and 15 barrels represents roughly what these wells produced per 12 hours. A stripper well is a marginal well averaging 15 barrels per day or less. How does it compare to conventional stimulation? In a side-by-side, the JC 9450 well produced an estimated 33.5 bbl/day versus 19.5 for the control (+72%), was treated in 4 hours versus 4–7 days, and cost $9,600 in materials versus $11,100. That June 2016 comparison put Well 10 on JC 9450 against Well 12 on a conventional job, so the difference in output, cleanup time, and materials cost came from the same field under the same conditions. What happens to H₂S and produced water? H₂S was eliminated in both gas and liquid phases, and the produced water showed no detectable iron, bacteria, or H₂S. JC 9450 also breaks emulsions and destabilizes paraffin and asphaltene. Its reactive oxygen species react with hydrogen sulfide, iron sulfide, biofilm, and bacteria, the same foulants that plague marginal wells, and it acts as a micro-flocculant for produced water, so the formation and the water are treated together. --- ## Vineyard Yield +49% Case Study | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/case-vineyard-yield Home / Case Studies / Vineyard Yield # ROS Increases Vineyard Yield by 49% An independent 2023 field study by Sawtooth Ag Research (Steven Deitz, Selma, CA) on mature French Colombard grapevines, using foliar JC 9465. Foliar JC 9465 raised harvestable yield 49% on mature French Colombard grapevines in a 2023 Sawtooth Ag Research field study in Selma, California. Four applications at 390 mg/L across the growing season lifted clusters per vine from 60 to 73 and cut sour rot in half, with a companion soil-irrigation route at 78 mg/L. Last updated 26 September 2026 +49% Harvestable yield (foliar) −50% Sour rot 60→73 Clusters per vine Industry: Agriculture & FoodLocation: Selma, CaliforniaProduct: JC 9465 The Problem ## What was the vineyard facing? Growers face two linked pressures at once: pushing harvestable yield higher while holding back late-season disease. Sour rot in particular can strip a meaningful share of a wine-grape crop just as it ripens, and conventional inputs rarely raise yield and suppress disease from the same application. To test whether Jenfitch's reactive-oxygen-species (ROS) chemistry could do both, Sawtooth Ag Research ran a controlled 2023 field study on a mature, six-year-old block of French Colombard in Selma, California. The Program ## How did Jenfitch treat the vines? JC 9465 releases reactive oxygen species that support plant vascular flow while oxidizing pathogens on contact. The study applied it two ways — foliar spray and soil-irrigation drench — over four timed applications through the growing season. - Foliar application at 390 mg/L — the treatment that produced the headline yield gain. - Soil-irrigation application at 78 mg/L as a companion delivery route. - Four applications across the season: April 26, May 18, June 16, and July 14. - Increased xylem and phloem flow supported heavier, healthier fruit set. The Data ## What were the results? Foliar JC 9465 treatment vs. untreated control, mature French Colombard (2023) Metric | Control | Foliar JC 9465 | Change | Harvestable yield | Baseline | +49% | +49% | Clusters per vine | 60 | 73 | +13 clusters | Sour rot | Baseline | −50% | Cut in half | i ### More fruit, less rot, one program The foliar treatment increased harvestable yield by 49%, raised clusters per vine from 60 to 73, and cut sour rot by 50% — all from four applications of a chemistry that leaves no flavor change and reverts to mild mineral-oxide by-products below FDA limits. Trial Design ## How was the trial run? The study was carried out by Sawtooth Ag Research under Steven Deitz in Selma, California, during the 2023 season, on a mature six-year-old block of French Colombard. Using established vines rather than a new planting matters: yield on a six-year-old block is settled, so a change over a single season is attributable to the treatment rather than to the vines simply maturing. Four applications were made across the growing season — April 26, May 18, June 16, and July 14 — timed to the vine's development rather than to a fixed calendar interval. Two delivery routes were compared: soil irrigation at 78 mg/L and foliar spray at 390 mg/L. The foliar route produced the stronger response. Yield was measured by cluster count. Control vines carried 60 clusters per vine; foliar-treated vines carried 73. That is the arithmetic behind the 49% increase in harvestable yield, and it is a count rather than an estimate. Interpretation ## Two effects, not one The trial recorded two outcomes that are worth separating, because they come from different mechanisms. The first is the yield gain. Observations during the trial pointed to increased flow through the xylem and phloem — the vine's water and nutrient transport tissue. Where that transport is partially obstructed, the vine is running below its capacity regardless of how well the block is irrigated or fertilised. Clearing the obstruction lets existing inputs do more work, which is consistent with a yield response on vines that were already well managed. The second is the 50% reduction in sour rot. Sour rot is a late-season microbial complex rather than a single organism, which is why it responds poorly to narrowly targeted fungicides. Reactive oxygen species are not selective in that way: hydroxyl radicals attack cell structure directly, so the mixed population is treated as one problem. The same non-selectivity is why the chemistry shows up across unrelated crop diseases — citrus greening, Xylella fastidiosa in olives, and Bakanae in rice. Because JC 9465 is USDA NOP organic certified under 7 CFR Part 205, both routes are available to certified organic growers. Across Jenfitch agricultural trials, crop-yield gains have run in the 30–60% range, and this vineyard result sits inside that band rather than above it. Documentation ## Read the full study PDFROS Increases Vineyard Yield (Sawtooth Ag Research)↗ Related: Agricultural research · Mineral Oxychloride Technology Frequently Asked Questions ## About this vineyard study. How much did yield actually improve? In the 2023 Sawtooth Ag Research study on mature French Colombard, the foliar JC 9465 treatment increased harvestable yield by 49%, raised clusters per vine from 60 to 73, and cut sour rot by 50%. The study was run independently by Steven Deitz on a six-year-old block in Selma, California, comparing treated vines against an untreated control across the same growing season. What was the application program? Four applications across the season (April 26, May 18, June 16, July 14). Foliar was applied at 390 mg/L and soil-irrigation at 78 mg/L. The foliar route produced the headline yield gain. Both routes delivered the same JC 9465 reactive oxygen species chemistry, which supports vascular flow while oxidizing pathogens on contact, and the study reported increased xylem and phloem flow through the treated vines. Does treatment change flavor or leave residue? No. JC 9465 works by generating reactive oxygen species that oxidize on contact and then revert to mild mineral-oxide by-products below FDA limits, so it extends quality without altering taste. The oxidation happens where the chemistry contacts the fruit and vine surfaces, and what remains afterward is mineral oxide rather than a persistent residue, which is why the same product is used in certified-organic operations. Is JC 9465 approved for organic growing? Yes. JC 9465 is EPA FIFRA registered (2020) and USDA NOP organic certified (2021, 7 CFR Part 205), so it can be used in certified-organic operations. That covers both the foliar spray and the soil-irrigation drench used in the Sawtooth Ag Research vineyard study. JC 9465 and JC 9450 are the same chemistry carried on two different registration paths, which is why their certifications differ. --- ## Citrus Greening Recovery Case Study | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/case-citrus-greening Home / Case Studies / Citrus Greening # Restoring Citrus-Greening (HLB) Groves to Marketable Fruit A field program with GreenAgri Solutions LLC in Springhill, Florida, using a JC 9465 foliar-and-soil protocol on HLB-diseased citrus. A JC 9465 foliar-and-soil protocol returned citrus-greening (HLB) trees to marketable fruit in 60 days. Working with GreenAgri Solutions in Springhill, Florida, Jenfitch applied a 2% foliar spray plus a light soil drench every two weeks over six weeks, holding ORP above +700 mV. The program is now in its fourth year. Last updated 26 September 2026 60 days To marketable fruit 1→20 Trees scaled after early success 99.99% Bacteria & viruses inactivated Industry: Agriculture & FoodLocation: Springhill, FloridaProduct: JC 9465 The Problem ## What problem did the grove face? Citrus greening — Huanglongbing (HLB) — has devastated Florida citrus. Since 2019, more than 75% of the state's citrus has been lost, with orange production down about 75% and grapefruit down about 85%. The disease starves trees of nutrients, degrades fruit, and has had no reliable cure. Jenfitch partnered with GreenAgri Solutions LLC (Springhill, Florida) to test whether its reactive-oxygen-species chemistry could restore diseased trees to productive, marketable fruit. The Program ## How did Jenfitch treat the grove? The protocol combined a foliar spray with a light soil drench, applied in the early morning and held at a disinfecting oxidation-reduction potential. JC 9465 is effective against 99.99% of bacteria and viruses, and it began working almost immediately in the grove. - 2% JC 9465 foliar spray plus a light soil drench, applied early morning. - Every two weeks over a six-week window, holding ORP above +700 mV. - Started on a single tree — which pushed a new healthy "flush" within a week — then expanded to 20 trees. - After 60 days, all treated trees had developed marketable fruit. The Data ## What were the results? GreenAgri / Jenfitch JC 9465 citrus-greening field program timeline Stage | Outcome | Single tree, first application | New healthy flush within a week | Scaled trial | Expanded to 20 trees | After 60 days | All treated trees developed marketable fruit | Program today | Now in its 4th year across 2 acres (1 control, 1 treated) | Pathogen efficacy | Effective against 99.99% of bacteria and viruses | i ### From diseased to marketable in 60 days A single treated tree produced a new healthy flush within a week; the trial scaled to 20 trees, and after 60 days all developed marketable fruit. The program is now in its fourth year across two acres — one control block, one treated. Context ## What has HLB cost Florida? Huanglongbing — citrus greening — is the reason Florida's citrus industry looks nothing like it did a decade ago. Since 2019 the state has lost more than 75% of its citrus production: roughly 75% of oranges and 85% of grapefruit. Groves that were productive within living memory have been pushed out and replanted with other crops or taken out of agriculture entirely. The disease is difficult because of where it sits. The bacterium lives in the phloem, the tissue that moves sugars through the tree, and it is spread by an insect vector. Conventional programs therefore attack the vector rather than the infection, and a tree that is already symptomatic is generally written off. That is the backdrop against which this field work was carried out, with GreenAgri Solutions LLC of Springhill, Florida. The Protocol ## The field protocol, step by step The application program is deliberately simple. A 2% JC 9465 foliar spray is paired with a light soil drench, applied in the early morning and repeated every two weeks over a six-week window — three applications in total. Solution ORP is held above +700 mV, the same threshold used for disinfection work elsewhere in the line. Early-morning timing is not incidental. It puts the application on the tree while stomata are open and before the day's heat drives evaporation, which improves uptake and reduces the risk of leaf stress. The work scaled in stages rather than starting at grove scale. A single tree was treated first and produced a new healthy flush within a week. That result was extended to 20 trees, and after 60 days all of them had developed marketable fruit. The program is now in its fourth year across two acres, run as one treated acre against one control acre — a structure that keeps a live comparison in the ground season after season rather than relying on a single year's snapshot. The same chemistry is under evaluation against Xylella fastidiosa in European olives, where hydroxyl radicals break down the biofilm clogging the xylem before oxidizing the bacterial DNA, and against Bakanae in rice, where trial yield loss fell from about 30% to under 10%. These are active research programs, and results are reported as field observations rather than as registered disease-control claims. Documentation ## Read the full study PDFNews Release — Rescuing Florida Citrus↗ Related: Agricultural research · Mineral Oxychloride Technology Frequently Asked Questions ## About this citrus-greening program. What is citrus greening (HLB)? Huanglongbing (HLB), or citrus greening, has destroyed the majority of Florida citrus, with more than 75% lost since 2019, oranges down about 75% and grapefruit about 85%. It starves trees of nutrients and degrades fruit, and it has had no reliable cure. That loss is why Jenfitch worked with GreenAgri Solutions LLC in Springhill, Florida, to test whether reactive oxygen species chemistry could return diseased trees to marketable fruit. What was the treatment protocol? A 2% JC 9465 foliar spray plus a light soil drench, applied early morning every two weeks over a six-week window while holding ORP above +700 mV, in partnership with GreenAgri Solutions LLC in Springhill, Florida. Dosing to a target oxidation-reduction potential keeps the grove in a disinfecting regime, and JC 9465 is effective against 99.99% of bacteria and viruses. The program began on a single tree before being scaled up. How fast did trees respond? A single treated tree pushed a new healthy flush within a week. The trial expanded to 20 trees, and after 60 days all had developed marketable fruit. That timeline came from applications every two weeks across a six-week window, with the foliar spray and light soil drench holding the trees in a disinfecting oxidation-reduction potential range. The early single-tree response is what justified scaling the program up. Is the program still running? Yes. It is now in its fourth year across two acres, one control block and one treated block, so treated and untreated trees can be compared side by side over multiple seasons. JC 9465 is effective against 99.99% of bacteria and viruses. The work continues to use the same foliar-and-soil protocol developed with GreenAgri Solutions LLC in Springhill, Florida, on HLB-diseased citrus. --- ## Municipal & Industrial Research | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/municipal-industrial-research Home / Research / Municipal & Industrial # Municipal & Industrial Water Treatment Research Field studies and technical documents on dissolved-metal removal, ozone-system enhancement, biocide performance, and regulatory approvals. Jenfitch municipal and industrial research documents dissolved-metal removal, ozone-system enhancement, biocide performance and regulatory approvals. In a one-year full-scale trial at a Northern California plant, JC 9830 and JC 1687, each dosed at 10 mg/L, removed 94 percent of dissolved copper and roughly 70 percent of dissolved zinc, holding effluent copper below 1.4 ppb. Approved, certified & independently validated EPA FIFRA Registered USDA Organic Certified NSF/ANSI Standard 60 UC Davis University of Washington Special Pathogen Laboratory Montana State University Sawtooth Ag Research GreenAgri Solutions Southern California Edison Goleta Water District Highlights ## Proven results in municipal and industrial plants. 94% Dissolved copper removed 70% Dissolved zinc removed <1.4 ppb Effluent copper (limit 3.1) $20MM+ Ozone replacement avoided Case study — dissolved metals ## How was the copper limit met? A municipal wastewater plant in the Sierra foothills of Northern California faced influent dissolved copper of 28 to 70-plus ppb and was exceeding its 3.1 ppb discharge limit, confirmed by a Water-Effect Ratio study. Jenfitch deployed a two-product program over a full one-year trial. - JC 9830 metal precipitant dosed at 10 mg/L into the aeration-basin discharge, forming a copper-sulfide precipitate. - JC 1687 cationic coagulant dosed at 10 mg/L at the secondary-clarifier inlet, building dense, fast-settling floc. - Result: 94% dissolved copper and roughly 70% dissolved zinc removed, with effluent copper held below 1.4 ppb — well under the 3.1 ppb limit, and non-detect (<0.5 ppb) in other trials. Results data ## Copper & zinc removal by sample date. Full-scale municipal trial, Sierra foothills, Northern California. JC 9830 + JC 1687 program. Sample date | Influent Cu (ppb) | Effluent Cu (ppb) | Cu removal | Zn removal | March 11 | 35 | 2.0 | 94.3% | 68.9% | March 15 | 28 | 1.6 | 94.3% | 79.8% | March 30 | 58 | 1.4 | 97.6% | 76.0% | August 16 | 46 | 3.8 | 91.7% | 56.3% | The chemistry ## Why does sulfide precipitation beat hydroxide? Conventional metal removal relies on raising pH to precipitate metal hydroxides. Copper hydroxide is amphoteric — it dissolves again at both low and high pH — so removal is only optimal in a narrow window (about pH 8.1 for copper). It also generates excessive, hard-to-dewater sludge, and natural chelating agents in the wastewater can block hydroxide precipitation entirely. Jenfitch instead precipitates copper as a sulfide. Copper sulfide has far lower solubility than the hydroxide, precipitates cleanly over a broad pH range, and forms a dense floc that dewaters easily. It works even in the presence of chelating agents that defeat hydroxide chemistry — delivering higher, more consistent removal. The same program also reduces hexavalent chromium to the less toxic trivalent form. i ### Paired coagulant JC 1687 is a cationic organic/inorganic coagulant that neutralizes particle charge and binds the fine metal-sulfide precipitate into dense floc, sharply improving settling in the secondary clarifier. Field study — ozone enhancement ## How was an aging ozone system rescued? At a surface-water treatment plant, Jenfitch reactive oxygen species (ROS) chemistry was introduced to support an ozone system nearing the end of its service life. Rather than replacing the ozone generators — a capital project estimated at more than $20 million — the plant improved finished-water quality by supplementing oxidation with mineral-oxychloride ROS. - Lower bromate formation in the finished water. - Reduced total organic carbon (TOC). - Lower total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) and HAA5 disinfection by-products. - Avoided a >$20MM ozone-system replacement. ROS delivers ozone-class oxidation (2.8–2.9 V oxidation potential, above ozone at 2.07 V) without dissolving a gas into water — at a fraction of the capital and operating cost of an ozone plant. Questions ## Common questions — municipal & industrial How does the copper program meet strict discharge limits? JC 9830 precipitates dissolved copper as copper sulfide, which has very low solubility and precipitates over a broad pH range. Paired with the JC 1687 coagulant for settling, the program removed 94% of dissolved copper and held effluent below 1.4 ppb against a 3.1 ppb limit in a full-scale one-year trial. Why not simply raise pH to precipitate hydroxides? Metal hydroxides are amphoteric and re-dissolve outside a narrow pH window, produce large volumes of hard-to-dewater sludge, and can be blocked by natural chelating agents. Sulfide precipitation avoids all three problems and yields denser, easier-to-dewater solids. That is the route the full-scale program takes: JC 9830 forms a copper-sulfide precipitate at the aeration-basin discharge, and JC 1687 then builds dense, fast-settling floc at the secondary-clarifier inlet. Can ROS work with an existing ozone system? Yes. In the surface-water field study, ROS supplemented the existing ozone process, lowering bromate, TOC, TTHMs and HAA5s while avoiding an ozone-generator replacement valued at more than $20 million. The chemistry is added to the treatment train already in place rather than replacing it, so an operator can improve disinfection byproduct numbers on the existing plant instead of committing capital to new generation equipment. Are these products approved for water use? JC 9465 is EPA FIFRA registered and USDA NOP organic certified; JC 9465 and JC 9450 are NSF/ANSI Standard 60 certified for drinking-water treatment. Labels and approvals are linked in the Documents section below. JC 9450 and JC 9465 are the same mineral oxychloride chemistry carried on two different registration paths, so the product code used on a given site follows from which approval that application requires. Documents ## Studies, labels & tech sheets PDF Removing Dissolved Copper in Wastewater Treatment Plant ↗ PDF Removing Dissolved Copper (additional data) ↗ PDF JC 9465: The Best Algaecide and Biocide on the Market ↗ PDF Field Study: ROS Improves Ozone System in a Surface Water Treatment Plant ↗ PDF JC 9465 Pilot Study — Goleta Water District ↗ PDF Jenfitch's Breakthrough on Legionella ↗ PPTX Jenfitch Overview ↗ DOCX New Coagulant Improves Water Quality ↗ PDF JC 9465 vs Ozone Comparison Chart ↗ PDF Free Chlorine vs ORP/mV vs pH ↗ PDF JC 9465 Mineral Oxychloride Reagent Tech Review ↗ PDF News Release — EPA and NOP Approval ↗ PDF Legionella Brochure ↗ PDF Jenfitch JC 9465 Tech Sheet ↗ --- ## Cooling Towers & Scrubbers Research | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/cooling-towers-scrubbers-research Home / Research / Cooling Towers & Scrubbers # Cooling Towers & Scrubbers Research Biofilm and MIC control, wet scrubber applications, Legionella performance, and zebra mussel elimination. Jenfitch cooling tower and scrubber research covers biofilm and MIC control, Legionella, wet scrubbers, and zebra mussel elimination using JC 9465. On heat-transfer surfaces biofilm insulates roughly 300 percent worse than calcium-carbonate scale, and about 90 percent of Legionella lives inside it. An ORP-controlled program removes that biofilm. Approved, certified & independently validated EPA FIFRA Registered USDA Organic Certified NSF/ANSI Standard 60 UC Davis University of Washington Special Pathogen Laboratory Montana State University Sawtooth Ag Research GreenAgri Solutions Southern California Edison Goleta Water District Why it matters ## Cleaner heat transfer, safer air handling. Bacteria and organic deposits can lower heat-transfer rates up to 40%. JC 9465 helps prevent biofouling and scale, control biofilm and MIC, address Legionella in under 10 seconds, and eliminate zebra mussels. The problem ## Why do biofilm, scale and corrosion appear together? 300% Biofilm worse than CaCO₃ scale ~10% Efficiency loss at 0.001 fouling 12–24× More effective than chlorine 20%+ Electricity savings (per SCE) On a heat-transfer surface, biofilm is roughly 300% worse than calcium-carbonate scale as an insulator. ASHRAE data shows a fouling factor of just 0.001 can cut cooling efficiency by about 10%. Beyond lost heat transfer, biofilm shields anaerobic bacteria against the water treatment program, driving pitting and microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) of the metal underneath. The program ## Can one chemical be controlled by ORP? Instead of a stack of separate biocides, dispersants and scale inhibitors, the JC 9450 / JC 9465 program uses a single mineral-oxychloride chemistry controlled by oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). It controls biofilm, algae, scale and corrosion at once while improving heat transfer and lowering total cost. - 12–24× more effective than chlorine. - Microbial kill in under 10 seconds at target ORP. - 20%+ electricity savings cited by Southern California Edison (SCE). - Reduces Legionella risk by eliminating the biofilm it hides in. Efficacy vs. ORP ## Does higher ORP kill more organisms? ORP-to-CFU benchmark. Holding higher ORP drives microbial counts toward zero. ORP (mV) | Surviving CFU / 100 mL | Status | +200 | 300 | Poor control | +300 | 36 | Partial | +400 | 3 | Improving | +600 | 0 | Disinfection | +700 | 0 | 6-log Legionella in <10 sec | +800 | 0 | Sterilization | Legionella ## Where does Legionella actually live? Legionella thrives at 20–50°C (optimum 37°C) — the exact range of a warm cooling loop. Around 90% of Legionella lives inside biofilm (per Montana State University's Center for Biofilm Engineering), where it is more resistant and can harbor protective amoebae. A biocide that cannot break biofilm cannot reliably reach it. - Special Pathogen Laboratory (PA): holding ORP above +700 mV produced a 6-log Legionella reduction in under 10 seconds. - Eliminates legionellosis risk in most systems within four hours. - Works by oxidizing the EPS biofilm first, then the organisms inside it. Also controlled ## Mussels and wet scrubbers. ### Zebra & quagga mussels JC 9465 delivers ozone-class oxidation but, unlike ozone, leaves a residual in the water. That residual carries control downstream of the injection point — where dissipating ozone cannot — to eliminate invasive zebra and quagga mussels in intake and cooling systems. ### Wet scrubbers & H₂S The same oxidative chemistry eliminates hydrogen sulfide in wet scrubbers, shifting ORP from reducing to oxidizing and converting H₂S to inert sulfates. See the Oil & Gas research page for the full H₂S wet-scrubber study. i ### Residual vs. gas Ozone must be generated on-site and dissipates within seconds of leaving the contactor. Mineral-oxychloride ROS delivers comparable oxidation potential with a measurable residual you can control by ORP — without dissolving a gas into the water. Questions ## Common questions — cooling & scrubbers Why does biofilm matter more than scale? On a heat-transfer surface, biofilm insulates about 300% worse than calcium-carbonate scale, and even a 0.001 fouling factor can cut cooling efficiency roughly 10% according to ASHRAE data. Biofilm also shields anaerobic bacteria against the water treatment program, driving pitting and microbially influenced corrosion, or MIC, of the metal underneath. So biofilm costs both heat transfer and metal, and bacteria and organic deposits can lower heat-transfer rates by up to 40%. How fast does it control Legionella? Holding ORP above +700 mV produced a 6-log Legionella reduction in under 10 seconds in Special Pathogen Laboratory testing, and eliminates legionellosis risk in most systems within four hours — because it breaks the biofilm where ~90% of Legionella hides. Can one product replace several cooling-water chemicals? Yes. Instead of a stack of separate biocides, dispersants, and scale inhibitors, the JC 9450 and JC 9465 program uses a single mineral-oxychloride chemistry, controlled by oxidation-reduction potential, that addresses biofilm, algae, scale, and corrosion together while cutting electricity use 20%+ (per SCE) by keeping heat-transfer surfaces clean. Improving heat transfer and consolidating the program is what lowers total cost, and microbial kill occurs in under 10 seconds at target ORP. How is this different from ozone for mussel control? It provides ozone-class oxidation but leaves a residual, so control continues downstream of the injection point where ozone would have already dissipated. That persistence is what allows the JC 9465 program to eliminate zebra mussels rather than only treating water at the point of contact. The same chemistry, controlled by ORP, is also what handles biofilm, MIC, scale, and algae in the same system, with Legionella addressed in under 10 seconds. Documents ## Brochures, studies & labels PDF JC 9465 Cooling Towers Brochure ↗ PDF JC 9465 Biofilm Control in Cooling Tower ↗ PDF JC 9465 Wet Scrubber Application ↗ PDF JC 9465 Eliminates Zebra Mussels ↗ PDF Jenfitch's Breakthrough on Legionella ↗ PDF JC 9465: The Best Algaecide and Biocide ↗ PPTX Jenfitch Overview ↗ DOCX New Coagulant Improves Water Quality ↗ PDF Free Chlorine vs ORP/mV vs pH ↗ PDF JC 9465 vs Ozone Comparison Chart ↗ PDF JC 9465 Mineral Oxychloride Reagent Tech Review ↗ PDF News Release — EPA and NOP Approval ↗ PDF Legionella Brochure ↗ PDF Jenfitch JC 9465 Tech Sheet ↗ --- ## Oil & Gas Water Treatment Research | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/oil-gas-research Home / Research / Oil & Gas # Oil & Gas Research Mineral oxychloride in oil and gas operations, hydroxyl radical ions for stripper wells, and process biofilm control. Jenfitch oil and gas research covers stripper-well output, hydrogen sulfide removal and process biofilm control with mineral oxychloride chemistry. In a February 2020 field study on four wells in Pecos County, Texas, JC 9450 lifted production from one or two barrels per day to fifteen, for under $100 per day in chemical cost. Approved, certified & independently validated EPA FIFRA Registered USDA Organic Certified NSF/ANSI Standard 60 UC Davis University of Washington Special Pathogen Laboratory Montana State University Sawtooth Ag Research GreenAgri Solutions Southern California Edison Goleta Water District Applications ## Where does mineral oxychloride fit in oil and gas? ### Produced & Frac Water Oxidative treatment lowers bacteria, sulfides, and biofilm in produced and flowback water for reuse or disposal. Learn more ### Stripper-Well Output Hydroxyl radical ions are described as increasing the output of stripper wells in oil and gas production. Learn more ### Process Biofilm Control Destroys the EPS biofilm that protects pathogens and drives microbially influenced corrosion across process systems. Learn more ### Increase stripper-well output Hydroxyl radical ions are described as increasing the output of stripper wells in oil and gas production. ### Control process biofilm Biofilm protects pathogens across oil & gas production and process applications. JC 9465 provides oxidative power to destroy EPS and remove biofilm. The opportunity ## Why do stripper wells matter? 770,000+ US stripper wells 11.3% Of US oil production 8.3% Of US gas production 50–70% Of their oil left unrecoverable A stripper well is an oil or gas well averaging 15 barrels per day or less — typically just 1 to 2. According to the National Stripper Well Association, more than 770,000 US stripper wells together account for 11.3% of US oil and 8.3% of US gas. Yet 50 to 70% of the oil beneath them stays unrecoverable, held back by low reservoir pressure, poor permeability, and paraffin and asphaltene deposits. JC 9450 ROS reacts with H₂S, iron sulfide, biofilm and bacteria, acts as an emulsion breaker and micro-flocculant for produced water, and destabilizes paraffin and asphaltene — freeing flow paths near the wellbore. Field study — Pecos County, TX ## From 1–2 bbl/day to 15 bbl/day. In a February 2020 field study on four wells in Pecos County, Texas, treating with JC 9450 lifted production from 1–2 barrels per day to 15 barrels per day for less than $100 per day — roughly 5 gallons per day into the casing yielded 15 barrels per 12 hours. - H₂S eliminated in both the gas and liquid streams. - Produced water showed no detectable iron, bacteria or H₂S. - Output increase held for under $100/day in chemical cost. Side-by-side ## Treated well vs. control (June 2016 stimulation). Oil-well stimulation, Well 10 (JC 9450) vs Well 12 (conventional control). Estimated production and cost. Measure | Well 10 — JC 9450 | Well 12 — control | Estimated production | 33.5 bbl/day | 19.5 bbl/day | Production gain | +72% | — | Treatment time | 4 hours | 4–7 days | Material cost | $9,600 | $11,100 | Bottle-test bacteria | <1K CFU | <10K CFU | Wet scrubbing — H₂S ## How is H2S removed from sour gas? In a Houston study, a natural-gas stream carrying 2,000 mg/L H₂S plus 5% CO₂ was completely stripped of H₂S. The scrubber ORP shifted from −150 mV to +100 mV, and the only residuals left behind were inert sulfates. - Complete H₂S elimination from a sour-gas stream. - Treatment cost of $0.0040 per pound of H₂S removed. - Only inert sulfate residuals — no hazardous by-products. Natural gas is classed as "sour" above 10 ppmv H₂S. On the emissions side, SO₂ comes mostly from power plants (73%) and industry (20%). Questions ## Common questions — oil & gas How much can JC 9450 raise stripper-well output? In the Pecos County, TX study, production rose from 1–2 bbl/day to 15 bbl/day for under $100/day. In a June 2016 side-by-side stimulation, the treated well produced an estimated 33.5 bbl/day versus 19.5 for the control — a 72% gain — in 4 hours instead of 4–7 days and at lower material cost. Does it remove H₂S from produced water and gas? Yes. In the Pecos County wells, H₂S was eliminated in both gas and liquid, with no detectable iron, bacteria or H₂S in the produced water. In a Houston wet-scrubber study, 2,000 mg/L H₂S was fully removed at $0.0040/lb, leaving only inert sulfates. How does it improve flow near the wellbore? JC 9450 ROS reacts with H2S, iron sulfide, biofilm and bacteria, breaks produced-water emulsions, and destabilizes paraffin and asphaltene, the deposits that help make 50 to 70% of a stripper well's oil unrecoverable. Clearing that material from the pore space and the near-wellbore area addresses the same restrictions, alongside low reservoir pressure and poor permeability, that hold back production from wells averaging 15 barrels per day or less. Documents ## Brochures, studies & labels PDF Oil and Gas Brochure ↗ PDF Hydroxyl Radical Ions Increase Output of Stripper Wells ↗ PDF Is Biofilm Affecting Your Process or Application? ↗ PDF JC 9465 Biofilm Control in Cooling Tower ↗ PDF JC 9465 Cooling Towers Brochure ↗ PDF JC 9465 Wet Scrubber Application ↗ PDF JC 9465 Eliminates Zebra Mussels ↗ PDF Jenfitch's Breakthrough on Legionella ↗ PDF JC 9465: The Best Algaecide and Biocide ↗ PPTX Jenfitch Overview ↗ DOCX New Coagulant Improves Water Quality ↗ PDF JC 9465 vs Ozone Comparison Chart ↗ PDF Free Chlorine vs ORP/mV vs pH ↗ PDF JC 9465 Mineral Oxychloride Reagent Tech Review ↗ PDF News Release — EPA and NOP Approval ↗ PDF Legionella Brochure ↗ PDF Jenfitch JC 9465 Tech Sheet ↗ --- ## Agricultural Water Treatment Research | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/agricultural-research Home / Research / Agricultural Research # Agricultural Research Field studies on crop yield, food safety, post-harvest disinfection, shelf-life, and pathogen control using JC 9465 reactive oxygen species technology. Jenfitch agricultural research covers crop yield, post-harvest disinfection, shelf life, and plant-pathogen control using JC 9465 reactive oxygen species chemistry. A 2023 Sawtooth Ag Research vineyard study in Selma, California recorded 49% higher harvestable yield and 50% less sour rot on foliar treatment, and citrus-greening trees returned marketable fruit within 60 days. Approved, certified & independently validated EPA FIFRA Registered USDA Organic Certified NSF/ANSI Standard 60 UC Davis University of Washington Special Pathogen Laboratory Montana State University Sawtooth Ag Research GreenAgri Solutions Southern California Edison Goleta Water District Highlights ## What results appear in field and packhouse? +49% Vineyard yield (foliar) 50% Less sour rot 6-log Pathogen kill in <10 sec 99.99% Bacteria & viruses inactivated Field study — wine grapes ## +49% yield in a mature French Colombard vineyard. Sawtooth Ag Research (Steven Deitz) ran a 2023 field study on a mature six-year-old French Colombard vineyard in Selma, California. JC 9465 was applied four times — April 26, May 18, June 16 and July 14 — via both soil irrigation (78 mg/L) and foliar spray (390 mg/L). - Harvestable yield up 49% on the foliar treatment. - Sour rot cut by 50%. - Clusters per vine rose from 60 (control) to 73 (foliar). - Increased xylem and phloem flow through the vine. Vineyard results ## Control vs. treated (2023, Selma CA). Sawtooth Ag Research field study, mature French Colombard. Four applications: Apr 26, May 18, Jun 16, Jul 14. Measure | Control | Treated (foliar) | Clusters per vine | 60 | 73 | Harvestable yield | Baseline | +49% | Sour rot | Baseline | −50% | Foliar dose | — | 390 mg/L | Soil-irrigation dose | — | 78 mg/L | Citrus greening (HLB) ## Can diseased citrus return to production? Since 2019, huanglongbing (citrus greening) has destroyed more than 75% of Florida citrus — roughly 75% of oranges and 85% of grapefruit. Working with GreenAgri Solutions LLC of Springhill, Florida, Jenfitch applied a 2% JC 9465 foliar spray plus a light soil drench early each morning, every two weeks over six weeks (three applications) at an ORP above +700 mV. - A single treated tree produced a healthy new flush within a week. - Scaled to 20 trees; after 60 days all developed marketable fruit. - Now in its fourth year across two acres (one control, one treated). - Effective against 99.99% of bacteria and viruses. Emerging plant-disease work ## How does Jenfitch handle Xylella and Bakanae? ### Xylella fastidiosa — European olives Xylella clogs olive xylem by building a protective biofilm. The hydroxyl radicals generated by JC 9465 break down the biofilm's EPS matrix, then oxidize the bacterial DNA. Results have been positive and PCR-based trials are expanding. ### Bakanae — rice (SE Asia) Bakanae disease (Fusarium fujikuroi) typically causes around 30% yield loss in Southeast Asian rice. In Jenfitch trials, loss was reduced to below 10%. Food safety ## A 6-log kill in under 10 seconds. In UC Davis Post-Harvest testing, JC 9465 delivered a 6-log CFU reduction in under 10 seconds against E. coli, Listeria and Salmonella when held at +700 mV ORP. University of Washington work showed it eliminates cross-contamination during apple harvesting — a critical control point for post-harvest wash and hydro-cooler operations. Across trials, crop-yield gains have ranged from 30% to 60%. The technology is also in use beyond row crops: aquaculture programs in Norway and Louisiana, and Canadian dairy hoof-disease studies. Because it works by oxidation rather than a persistent chemical residue, it extends shelf life without changing taste. i ### Disinfection barrier Held between +650 mV and +750 mV, JC 9465 creates a food-safety disinfection barrier for field harvesting, wash lines, hydro-coolers and ice — inactivating spoilage organisms as ROS-treated ice melts. Questions ## Common questions — agriculture Is JC 9465 approved for organic use? Yes. JC 9465 is EPA FIFRA registered (2020) and USDA NOP organic certified (2021, 7 CFR Part 205), so it can be used in certified-organic growing and post-harvest operations. That covers foliar and soil-irrigation applications in the field as well as packhouse and post-harvest disinfection work. JC 9465 and JC 9450 are the same reactive oxygen species chemistry carried on two different registration paths, which is why the certifications differ between them. How much did the vineyard study actually improve yield? In the 2023 Sawtooth Ag Research study on mature French Colombard, the foliar treatment increased harvestable yield by 49%, raised clusters per vine from 60 to 73, and cut sour rot by 50%. The trial ran on a six-year-old vineyard block in Selma, California, with four JC 9465 applications on April 26, May 18, June 16, and July 14. Foliar spray was applied at 390 mg/L and soil irrigation at 78 mg/L. Does treatment leave a residue or change flavor? No. The chemistry works by generating reactive oxygen species that oxidize on contact and then revert to mild mineral-oxide by-products below FDA limits. It extends shelf life without altering taste. Because the oxidation happens at the surface and the reaction products are mineral oxides rather than persistent residues, treated produce can be handled through normal packhouse and post-harvest steps without picking up an off flavor. What pathogens does it control post-harvest? At +700 mV it produced a 6-log reduction in under 10 seconds against E. coli, Listeria and Salmonella in UC Davis testing, and eliminated cross-contamination in University of Washington apple-harvest work. The same JC 9465 reactive oxygen species chemistry inactivates 99.99% of bacteria and viruses. Because kill efficacy tracks oxidation-reduction potential, post-harvest systems are controlled to a target ORP rather than by concentration alone. Applications ## Where does JC 9465 help growers and processors? ### In-Field & Post-Harvest Disinfection Using ORP between +650 mV and +750 mV, JC 9465 creates a disinfection barrier for field harvesting and post-harvest operations. Learn more ### Control E. coli & Salmonella Fruits and vegetables washed or packed in ice with JC 9465 gain an extra layer of protection against E. coli and salmonella. Learn more ### Reduce Mold & Mildew Oxygen in the reactive form destroys the microorganisms that support spoilage and mold in fruits and vegetables. Learn more ### Increase Shelf Life Using JC 9465 as a vegetable wash lowers the rate of spoilage and improves the fresh quality of produce. Learn more ### Control Citrus Cankers Applied in citrus operations to help control cankers and reduce crop pathogen pressure, including work referenced in Florida. Learn more ### ROS in Ice Reduces Spoilage Packing produce in ice made with JC 9465 provides oxidative energy as the ice melts, inactivating spoilage organisms. Learn more Studies & Documents ## Click any study to open the full document. PDFROS Increases Vineyard Yield by 50% (Sawtooth Ag Research)↗PPTXNew Technology for Food Safety — JC 9465 ROS Food Industry↗PDFJC 9465 — University of Washington Post-Harvest Study (Green Apples)↗PDFJC 9465 — Field Study on Avocado & Melon↗PDFROS Effective Against Xylella Fastidiosa↗PDFNews Release — Citrus Florida↗PDFAn Agricultural Overview of Applications for JC 9465↗PDFNews Release — EPA and NOP Approval↗PDFJenfitch JC 9465 Tech Sheet↗PDFLegionella Brochure↗PDFMineral Oxychloride Improves Food Safety↗PDFNews Release — Crawfish Farm Doubles Production↗ --- ## Goleta Water District THM Study | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/goleta-water-district-jc9465 Home / Blog / Goleta Water District Evaluates JC 9465 for THM Reduction Research # Goleta Water District Evaluates JC 9465 for THM Reduction By Charles Jennings · Jenfitch, Inc. Goleta Water District jar-tested JC 9465 to reduce trihalomethane formation in water from Lake Cachuma, where drought and wildfire raised organic loading. Testing showed a 95 percent TTHM reduction and a 21 percent reduction in seven-day formation. Full-scale piloting was planned at the Corona Del Mar Water Treatment Plant. Last updated 26 September 2026 The Goleta Water District (GWD) is evaluating JC 9465, a water treatment chemical manufactured by Jenfitch, Inc., as a means of reducing trihalomethane (THM) formation while maintaining compliance with drinking water standards. ## Background Water quality in Lake Cachuma, GWD's surface water source, has degraded as a result of drought and the watershed impacts of wildfire. These conditions have increased the level of organic matter entering the treatment process, creating the need for enhanced organic matter removal to control disinfection byproduct formation. The same mineral oxychloride chemistry is certified to NSF/ANSI/CAN Standard 60 for drinking-water treatment as both JC 9465 and JC 9450, at a maximum dose of 84 mg/L, which is what makes full-scale application at a public water treatment facility possible. ## What did jar testing show? Bench-scale jar testing demonstrated the chemical's potential to significantly reduce trihalomethane formation while keeping the district in compliance with the 80 μg/L total trihalomethane (TTHM) standard. Jar testing showed a 95% reduction of TTHM and a 21% reduction in the seven-day TTHM formation level. These results indicate that JC 9465 can reduce both immediate TTHM concentrations and the continued formation of TTHM over the seven-day period that reflects distribution-system residence time. ## What is the full-scale testing plan? Based on the jar testing outcomes, GWD planned full-scale plant testing at the Corona Del Mar Water Treatment Plant (CDMWTP): - An initial two-week pilot scheduled for January 2018. - A proposed throughput of approximately three million gallons per day. - Potential follow-up testing extending up to three months in duration. ## Previous implementation JC 9465 has been successfully deployed at the Stenner Surface Water Treatment Plant in San Luis Obispo and at a second Northern California surface-water plant. One documented issue, filter turbidity, was resolved through standard maintenance procedures, providing operational confidence for the Goleta Water District trial. ## Why can't a district dose away TTHM? Total trihalomethanes are not a contaminant that enters the source water; they are created by the treatment process itself. When free chlorine meets natural organic matter — humic and fulvic material washed off a watershed — the reaction produces chloroform and its brominated relatives. The regulatory limit is 80 µg/L as a locational running annual average, measured in the distribution system rather than at the plant, which is the detail that makes this hard. Because the average is locational and annual, a district cannot manage the problem by sampling at the clearwell. Formation continues for days as chlorinated water sits in storage and travels through the mains, so the number that determines compliance depends on the residence time of the furthest point in the system. Cutting the chlorine dose to reduce formation risks losing the residual required to hold the system microbiologically safe. That is the squeeze every utility on a high-organic surface water lives in. The only durable escape is to remove the precursor before chlorination rather than manage the by-product afterwards. That is what the jar testing was designed to evaluate. ## What did drought and fire do to source water? Lake Cachuma's problem is a compound one. Drought concentrates dissolved organic carbon as reservoir volume falls, and prolonged low water encourages algal productivity that adds a second, internally generated organic load. Wildfire in the watershed then removes the vegetation and soil structure that would normally intercept runoff, so the first significant rain events mobilise ash, char, and dissolved organic carbon straight into the reservoir. The combination raises both the concentration and the reactivity of the organic matter reaching the plant. From the operator's point of view, coagulant demand rises, filter run times shorten, and TTHM formation potential increases at the same time — all of which push the plant toward its regulatory margin from several directions at once. ## Reading the jar-test result Two numbers were reported, and they measure different things. The 95% reduction in TTHM is the immediate formation at the point of testing. The 21% reduction in seven-day TTHM formation is the more operationally meaningful figure, because seven days approximates the residence time in the distribution system — it estimates what a sample at the far end of the network would actually show. The mechanism is precursor destruction. JC 9465 is a mineral oxychloride that generates a family of reactive oxygen species — superoxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, hydroperoxyl, and peroxide — at an oxidation potential of 2.8–2.9 V, second only to fluorine at 3.06 V and above ozone at 2.07 V, chlorine dioxide at 1.57 V, chlorine gas at 1.36 V, and sodium hypochlorite at 0.94 V. Applied ahead of chlorination, it oxidises the organic matter that would otherwise become a trihalomethane, so the precursor is gone before the chlorine ever meets it. Process | Target ORP | RO pre- and post-treatment | 500–650 mV | Drinking-water disinfection | 650–750 mV | Biofilm / EPS destruction | 600–800 mV | Feed is controlled to an ORP setpoint rather than a fixed ppm, with the standard recommendation of +650 to +750 mV for iron, manganese, and biofilm removal, dosing in front of the filter for optimum removal. The working pH range is 4–9. The ORP reference chart gives the complete set of targets. ## Operational precedent and what a district should expect Two California plants provide operating history: the Stenner Surface Water Treatment Plant in San Luis Obispo and a second Northern California surface-water plant. The single documented issue — filter turbidity — was resolved through standard maintenance procedures. That kind of finding is worth more to an evaluating utility than a clean report, because it identifies where to watch during commissioning. At that second plant, the same chemistry allowed ozone generator capacity to drop from above 110% to 40% while holding a 0.20–0.30 mg/L ozone residual, a 50–60% energy reduction — described in full in enhancing ozone systems with ROS. A separate Northern California trial dosing 8–10 mg/L over 90 days improved settled-water turbidity by 70.0%, filtered-water NOM by 61.4%, filtered-water TOC by 50.0%, bromate by 79.8%, and TTHMs by 56.5%. The Goleta programme was structured the way a utility evaluation should be: bench-scale jar testing first, then a two-week pilot at the Corona Del Mar Water Treatment Plant at roughly three million gallons per day, with provision for follow-up testing up to three months. Installation is minimal — a metering pump, a storage tank, and an optional ORP controller, typically under 30 minutes. Further reading: Municipal & Utilities, the municipal and industrial research library, JC 9465 compared with chlorine, and the document library. ## Frequently asked questions What is the TTHM limit for drinking water? 80 micrograms per litre, measured as a locational running annual average in the distribution system rather than at the plant. Because formation continues as water travels through the mains, compliance depends on residence time at the furthest point in the network. What did the Goleta jar testing show? A 95% reduction in TTHM at the point of testing and a 21% reduction in seven-day TTHM formation. The seven-day figure is the more operationally meaningful one because it approximates distribution-system residence time. The bench-scale jar testing showed the chemical could reduce trihalomethane formation while keeping Goleta Water District in compliance with the 80 microgram per liter total trihalomethane standard. Those results supported a planned full-scale test. How does JC 9465 reduce trihalomethanes? By precursor destruction. Applied ahead of chlorination, its reactive oxygen species oxidise the natural organic matter that would otherwise react with free chlorine to form trihalomethanes, so the precursor is removed before the chlorine meets it. This matters where organic loading has risen, as at Lake Cachuma, whose water quality degraded from drought and wildfire impacts on the watershed, increasing the organic matter entering the treatment process and the need for enhanced removal. Why has Lake Cachuma water quality degraded? Drought concentrates dissolved organic carbon as reservoir volume falls and encourages algal productivity, while wildfire in the watershed removes the vegetation and soil structure that would intercept runoff, so rain events mobilise ash, char, and dissolved organic carbon into the reservoir. Is the chemistry approved for potable water? As JC 9465 and JC 9450, the same mineral oxychloride chemistry is certified to NSF/ANSI/CAN Standard 60 for drinking-water treatment at a maximum dose of 84 mg/L. JC 9450 and JC 9465 are the same chemistry on two registration paths, and that Standard 60 certification is what makes full-scale application at a public water treatment facility possible, including the planned testing at the Corona Del Mar Water Treatment Plant. Charles Jennings Owner & General Manager, Jenfitch, Inc. Charles leads the technical, regulatory, and field work behind Jenfitch's mineral oxychloride, coagulant, and metal-removal chemistry. Reach him at charles@jenfitch.com or (925) 289-3559. --- ## ROS vs. Xylella: A Florida Field Study | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/ros-vs-xylella Home / Blog / ROS vs. Xylella: A Florida Field Study Agriculture # ROS vs. Xylella: A Florida Field Study By Charles Jennings · Jenfitch, Inc. A Florida field study with GreenAgri Solutions, LLC tested JC 9465 mineral oxychloride against Xylella fastidiosa and citrus greening in an orchard. Over 90 days, root flood irrigation three times weekly at +750 mV and twice-weekly evening fogging were followed by new foliage within three weeks and resumed fruit production. Last updated 26 September 2026 A field study with GreenAgri Solutions, LLC in Florida tested JC 9465, a mineral oxychloride disinfectant, against the bacteria affecting fruit trees. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) oxidant offers a natural defense against Xylella fastidiosa and related citrus disease. ## The field study Keith Warren conducted four years of experimental testing on Huanglongbing (HLB) control. During a 90-day trial, the citrus orchard used root flood irrigation three times weekly with a +750mV solution (25 mg/l of JC 9465), plus evening fogging twice weekly at 3 oz per gallon of water. Within three weeks, treated trees began developing new foliage and fruit production resumed. ## How does JC 9465 work? JC 9465 functions as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) oxidant. It generates a hydroxyl radical ion that attacks the extra-polymeric substance (EPS) protecting bacterial biofilms, then follows with oxidative attack on bacterial DNA to prevent replication. ## Scientific context Research from Rutgers University, co-authored by James White, documented how specific soil bacteria stimulate root hair growth through ethylene production and nitrogen cycling via superoxide-nitric oxide interactions. ## Efficacy data Studies at UC Davis indicated JC 9465 at +700mV inactivated E. coli and salmonella in less than 10 seconds. Hydroxyl radical ions are twice as potent as chlorine. At +700mV, JC 9465 inactivated E. coli and salmonella in less than 10 seconds. ## What does Xylella fastidiosa do to trees? Xylella fastidiosa is a xylem-limited bacterium. It does not rot fruit or spot leaves in the way a fungal pathogen does; it colonises the water-conducting tissue and forms a biofilm inside it, and the tree effectively dies of thirst in wet soil. That single fact explains why the disease is so difficult to treat. The organism sits inside the plant's plumbing, behind a wall of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) that it secretes itself, in a compartment that most foliar chemistry never reaches. The same architecture appears across the diseases the bacterium causes — Pierce's disease in grapevines, olive quick decline, almond leaf scorch, and citrus variegated chlorosis — and it is why control programmes have historically been aimed at the insect vector rather than the pathogen. Huanglongbing (citrus greening), caused by a different xylem- and phloem-limited organism, presents the grower with the same practical problem: a bacterium protected by biofilm inside vascular tissue. ## What is the two-stage oxidative mechanism? JC 9465 is a mineral oxychloride that generates a family of reactive oxygen species — superoxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, hydroperoxyl, and peroxide — at an oxidation potential of 2.8–2.9 V. That is second only to fluorine at 3.06 V, on par with the hydroxyl radical itself at 2.80 V, and well above ozone (2.07 V), chlorine dioxide (1.57 V), chlorine gas (1.36 V), and sodium hypochlorite (0.94 V). Oxidant | Oxidation potential (V) | Fluorine | 3.06 | JC 9465 mineral oxychloride | 2.8–2.9 | Hydroxyl radical | 2.80 | Ozone | 2.07 | Chlorine dioxide | 1.57 | Chlorine gas | 1.36 | Sodium hypochlorite | 0.94 | The sequence matters as much as the potential. The first stage is the EPS: the radical population depolymerises the protective matrix, which is the step conventional bactericides do not accomplish. Only once that shield is opened does the second stage — oxidative attack on bacterial DNA, preventing replication — become possible. This is the same mechanism described in our work on biofilm removal in industrial systems; the substrate changes, the chemistry does not. ## How is it applied and dosed? The Florida programme dosed to an ORP setpoint rather than to a ppm figure. Root-flood irrigation ran three times weekly at +750 mV, equivalent to about 25 mg/L of JC 9465, with evening fogging twice weekly at 3 oz per gallon. The choice of +750 mV is not arbitrary: it sits at the top of the in-field and post-harvest disinfection band. Application | Target ORP | In-field and post-harvest disinfection | 650–750 mV | Drinking-water disinfection | 650–750 mV | Biofilm / EPS destruction | 600–800 mV | Sterilization | +800 mV | Evening application is deliberate. Lower temperature and lower light reduce evaporative loss and extend the contact time on leaf and bark surfaces. The effective pH range is 4–9, which covers most irrigation water without adjustment, and dosing is to the ORP setpoint rather than to a fixed concentration so that the programme self-corrects for organic load in the irrigation source. ## Where does this fit with other agricultural work? The Rutgers work on soil bacteria stimulating root-hair growth through ethylene production and superoxide–nitric-oxide nitrogen cycling is relevant context rather than a claim about this product: it establishes that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species are part of normal root-zone signalling, not foreign to it. On the disinfection side, UC Davis testing showed JC 9465 at +700 mV inactivating E. coli and Salmonella in under 10 seconds. Against Salmonella, JC 9465 achieved a 6.60-log reduction at 2 ppm, where sodium hypochlorite required 100 ppm to reach 6.49 log and managed only 2.02 log at 10 ppm. JC 9465 is EPA FIFRA registered as a biocide and algaecide and USDA National Organic Program certified, which is what makes it usable in organic citrus and vineyard operations — see the EPA and USDA approval announcement. Related field work includes the citrus greening case study, ROS in agriculture, the Sawtooth vineyard sour-rot trial, and powdery mildew control. The full library is under agricultural research and Food & Agriculture. ## Frequently asked questions Why is Xylella fastidiosa so hard to control? It is xylem-limited. The bacterium colonises the water-conducting tissue inside the plant and protects itself with an extracellular polymeric biofilm, so it sits behind a barrier that most foliar chemistry never reaches. Control programmes have historically targeted the insect vector instead. How does a reactive oxygen species approach differ? It works in two stages. JC 9465 generates a hydroxyl radical ion, and that radical population first depolymerises the extracellular polymeric substance shielding the colony, then attacks bacterial DNA to prevent replication. Conventional bactericides generally do not accomplish the first stage. Removing the protective layer matters because a biofilm keeps the organisms inside it out of reach, so an agent that cannot breach it has limited effect on an established colony. What was the application schedule in the Florida field study? Root-flood irrigation three times weekly at a plus 750 mV solution, roughly 25 mg/L of JC 9465, plus evening fogging twice weekly at 3 oz per gallon of water. Treated trees began developing new foliage within three weeks and fruit production resumed. Why apply in the evening? Lower temperature and lower light reduce evaporative loss and extend contact time on leaf and bark surfaces. In the Florida field study the orchard was fogged in the evening twice weekly at 3 oz per gallon of water, alongside root flood irrigation three times weekly. Keeping the applied solution on the surface longer gives the oxidant more time to act before the spray dries off the tree. Is JC 9465 approved for organic growing? JC 9465 is EPA FIFRA registered as a biocide and algaecide and is certified under the USDA National Organic Program, which is what allows its use in certified organic citrus and vineyard operations. The Florida field study with GreenAgri Solutions, LLC applied it in a citrus orchard through root flood irrigation three times weekly and evening fogging twice weekly, under those same certifications. Charles Jennings Owner & General Manager, Jenfitch, Inc. Charles leads the technical, regulatory, and field work behind Jenfitch's mineral oxychloride, coagulant, and metal-removal chemistry. Reach him at charles@jenfitch.com or (925) 289-3559. --- ## Organic Sour Rot Control in Wine Grapes | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/ros-sour-rot-vineyard Home / Blog / Cutting Sour Rot in Wine Grapes with ROS Agriculture # Cutting Sour Rot in Wine Grapes with ROS By Charles Jennings · Jenfitch, Inc. Sour rot in wine grapes was cut roughly in half by JC 9465, a mineral oxychloride disinfectant, in a 2023 Sawtooth Ag Research trial at Selma, California. Foliar spray alone produced a 50 percent sour rot reduction and 49 percent more fruit weight per two vines against the untreated control. Last updated 26 September 2026 During 2023, Sawtooth Ag Research of Selma, CA tested JC 9465, a mineral oxychloride disinfectant, on wine grapes and cut sour rot in half while sharply increasing crop yield. Foliar application alone delivered a 50% drop in sour rot compared to the control and a 49% increase in crop yield. Wine grapes protected against sour rot. ## The trial The study was conducted on 6-year-old French Columbard wine grapes with a history of virus infections that emerged under seasonal stress. Four treatments were applied between April 26 and July 14, 2023. ### Application schedule - Soil irrigation: 78 mg/l concentration - Foliar spray: 390 mg/l concentration, dosed at 0.05 oz/gal The trial compared four groups: an untreated control, foliar spray only, soil irrigation only, and a combined foliar-plus-soil application. JC 9465 electrochemical potential among common oxidants. ## Results A 50% drop in sour rot compared to the control and a 50% increase in crop yield using JC 9465 through foliar application alone. ### Yield improvements - Foliar treatment produced 73 clusters per 2 vines, a 21.7% increase over the control's 60 clusters. - Foliar spray produced 76 lbs per 2 vines, a 49.0% increase over the control's 51 lbs. - The combined treatment achieved the maximum 50% sour rot reduction. ## What is JC 9465? JC 9465 is EPA FIFRA registered, USDA NOP certified, and USEPA Water approved. ## How does sour rot differ from powdery mildew? Sour rot is not a single pathogen and that is precisely why it is difficult. It is a complex — yeasts, acetic-acid bacteria, and the fruit flies that move both between berries — that establishes once the skin is compromised by any means: rain-driven splitting, bird or insect damage, or the natural cracking that follows a heat event on a tight cluster. A conventional fungicide programme aimed at a single fungal target does not address a mixed microbial community, and it does nothing about the vector. The economic damage is disproportionate to the visible infection. Volatile acidity carries into the fermentation, so a modest percentage of affected berries can compromise a whole lot. Growers therefore end up either sorting aggressively at the crush pad or picking early, both of which cost yield or quality. A treatment that reduces incidence in the field is worth considerably more than the acreage number suggests. ## Why does an oxidant beat a fungicide? JC 9465 is a mineral oxychloride that delivers a family of reactive oxygen species — superoxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, hydroperoxyl, and peroxide — at an oxidation potential of 2.8–2.9 V. Only fluorine is higher, at 3.06 V. Oxidant | Oxidation potential (V) | Fluorine | 3.06 | JC 9465 mineral oxychloride | 2.8–2.9 | Hydroxyl radical | 2.80 | Ozone | 2.07 | Chlorine dioxide | 1.57 | Chlorine gas | 1.36 | Sodium hypochlorite | 0.94 | An oxidant does not have a single biochemical target, so it is not selective in the way a site-specific fungicide is: yeasts, bacteria, and fungal spores are all susceptible. That non-selectivity is a liability in some settings and an advantage here, because sour rot is a community rather than an organism. It also means there is no single-site resistance mechanism for the population to select for — a real consideration in a vineyard block that has been on the same fungicide chemistry for years. ## Reading the trial numbers Measure | Control | Foliar treatment | Change | Clusters per 2 vines | 60 | 73 | +21.7% | Weight per 2 vines (lbs) | 51 | 76 | +49.0% | Sour rot incidence | baseline | — | −50% (combined treatment) | Two things are worth drawing out. First, weight rose almost 49% while cluster count rose only 21.7%, which means the clusters themselves were heavier — more retained berries per cluster rather than simply more clusters set. That is the signature of reduced in-cluster loss, which is consistent with the sour-rot result rather than independent of it. Second, foliar application alone captured most of the yield benefit; the combined foliar-plus-soil programme was what achieved the maximum 50% sour-rot reduction. For a grower deciding where to spend, that distinction matters. The vines were 6-year-old French Colombard with a history of virus infection that expressed under seasonal stress — not a clean, easy block. Treatments ran from 26 April to 14 July 2023: soil irrigation at 78 mg/L and foliar spray at 390 mg/L, dosed at 0.05 oz/gal. ## How do you run the programme? Application is dosed to an oxidation-reduction potential setpoint rather than a fixed concentration, so the programme corrects itself for organic load in the irrigation water. The in-field and post-harvest disinfection band is 650–750 mV; the ORP reference chart gives the full set of process targets. The effective pH range is 4–9, which covers most irrigation sources without adjustment, and installation is a metering pump, a storage tank, and an optional ORP controller — typically under 30 minutes. JC 9465 is EPA FIFRA registered as a biocide and algaecide and certified under the USDA National Organic Program, which is what allows it in a certified organic block — see the EPA and USDA approval announcement. Related agricultural field work includes powdery mildew control, the Xylella fastidiosa trial, the citrus greening case study, and post-harvest food safety and quality. The full library sits under agricultural research and Food & Agriculture. ## Frequently asked questions What is sour rot and why is it hard to treat? Sour rot is a complex of yeasts, acetic-acid bacteria, and the fruit flies that spread them, which establishes once berry skin is compromised. Because it is a mixed community rather than a single pathogen, a site-specific fungicide programme does not address it. How much did yield increase in the Sawtooth trial? Foliar treatment produced 76 lbs per 2 vines against 51 lbs for the control, a 49.0% increase, and 73 clusters per 2 vines against 60, a 21.7% increase. The combined foliar and soil treatment achieved the maximum 50% sour rot reduction. Was foliar or soil application more effective? Foliar application alone captured most of the yield benefit. Foliar spray produced 76 lbs per 2 vines, a 49.0% increase over the control's 51 lbs, and 73 clusters per 2 vines against the control's 60, a 21.7% increase. The combined foliar-plus-soil programme was what delivered the maximum 50% reduction in sour rot. The 2023 Sawtooth Ag Research trial compared four groups, including an untreated control and soil irrigation alone. What were the application rates? Soil irrigation at 78 mg/L and foliar spray at 390 mg/L, dosed at 0.05 oz per gallon, applied between 26 April and 14 July 2023 on 6-year-old French Colombard wine grapes. Four treatments were applied over that window in the Sawtooth Ag Research trial, which compared an untreated control against foliar spray only, soil irrigation only, and the combined foliar-plus-soil application. The vines had a history of virus infections emerging under seasonal stress. Can this be used in a certified organic vineyard? JC 9465 is EPA FIFRA registered as a biocide and algaecide and is certified under the USDA National Organic Program, the federal certification that governs organic production in the United States. The same mineral oxychloride chemistry was the product tested in the 2023 Sawtooth Ag Research sour rot trial, applied both as a foliar spray and through soil irrigation on 6-year-old French Colombard wine grapes in Selma, California. Charles Jennings Owner & General Manager, Jenfitch, Inc. Charles leads the technical, regulatory, and field work behind Jenfitch's mineral oxychloride, coagulant, and metal-removal chemistry. Reach him at charles@jenfitch.com or (925) 289-3559. --- ## ROS: A Game-Changer for Agriculture | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/ros-game-changer-agriculture Home / Blog / ROS: A Game-Changer for Agriculture Agriculture # ROS: A Game-Changer for Agriculture By Charles Jennings · Jenfitch, Inc. Reactive oxygen species from JC 9465 mineral oxychloride give growers a single material for foliar spray, soil drench, irrigation injection, seed treatment, and post-harvest wash water. JC 9465 carries EPA FIFRA registration and USDA National Organic Program certification, so use does not disqualify a certified block. Dose is set by ORP in millivolts, not ppm. Last updated 26 September 2026 JC 9465 generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) from mineral oxychloride chemistry. For a grower the practical point is narrow: it carries an EPA FIFRA pesticide registration and USDA National Organic Program certification, so one product can go on the crop, through the irrigation line, and into the post-harvest wash without costing a certified block its organic status. The family of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by JC 9465. ## What are reactive oxygen species? Mineral oxychloride is a liquid chelation of minerals with oxygen. The oxygen is weakly bound, so the complex releases oxygen atoms on contact — hydroxyl radicals, singlet or nascent oxygen, superoxide, hydroperoxyl, and peroxide. Those radicals oxidize cell walls, enzymes, and DNA at once. A single-mode fungicide gives an organism one pathway to adapt around; a mixed radical population does not. Measured as electrochemical potential, mineral oxychloride runs well above the oxidants normally available on a farm: - JC 9465 mineral oxychloride: 2.8–2.9 V - Ozone: 2.07 V - Sodium hypochlorite: 0.94 V Dose is set by oxidation-reduction potential in millivolts, not by ppm. A disinfection barrier for in-field and post-harvest work runs +650 to +750 mV. Above +700 mV the reduction is 6-log in under 10 seconds, against the 3-log usually accepted as standard. The ORP reference chart covers targets by process. Control is by millivolts, not by ppm. The meter tells you whether the water is still doing oxidizing work. Reaction pathway: the proprietary catalyst plus NaHOCl yields hydroxyl and oxychloride complexes. ## What do the two registrations allow? JC 9465 was registered under FIFRA with the EPA in 2020 and certified to the USDA National Organic Program in 2021 under 7 CFR Part 205. FIFRA registration permits pesticidal use and claims in the United States. NOP certification means an application does not disqualify a certified organic block, so a grower running both organic and conventional acreage can standardise on one material rather than two programs, two storage areas, and two sets of records. Read the approval announcement for detail, and apply to the label. ## Where does it fit in the crop cycle? The same liquid, fed at different rates through different equipment: - Foliar spray, for canopy and cluster disease pressure - Soil drench and root irrigation, to reach the root zone - Injection into drip and irrigation lines, which also clears the biofilm that plugs emitters - Seed treatment ahead of planting - Post-harvest wash water and dump tanks - Hydro-cooler water - Ice used for packing and transport ## Vineyard trial, Selma, California Sawtooth Ag Research ran a 2023 trial in Selma, California on mature six-year-old French Colombard. Four applications went out between April 26 and July 14, at 78 mg/L through soil irrigation and 390 mg/L as a foliar spray. Sawtooth Ag Research vineyard trial, Selma CA, 2023 — treated vs. untreated control Measure | Result | Harvestable yield (foliar) | +49% over control | Sour rot | 50% reduction | Clusters per vine | 60 (control) to 73 (foliar) | The trial also recorded increased xylem and phloem flow in treated vines. These are results from one trial, one variety, one season — a reason to run your own block trial, not a yield you can bank. The full vineyard case study has the plot detail. Electrochemical potential of mineral oxychloride compared with common oxidants. ## Crop disease work in the field ### Citrus greening (Florida) Florida has lost more than 75% of its citrus since 2019 to huanglongbing: 75% of oranges, 85% of grapefruit. Jenfitch, Inc. has worked the problem with GreenAgri Solutions LLC of Springhill, Florida. The protocol is 2% JC 9465 foliar with a light soil drench, early morning every two weeks over six weeks, at ORP above +700 mV. A single infected tree pushed a healthy new flush inside a week. The trial widened to 20 trees, all of which developed marketable fruit after 60 days, and it is now in its fourth year across two acres with one treated block and one control. See the citrus greening field report. ### Xylella fastidiosa (European olives) Xylella kills olive trees by building biofilm inside the xylem until water movement stops. The hydroxyl radicals break down the EPS holding that biofilm together and then oxidize the bacterial DNA underneath. Results have been positive and PCR-confirmed trials are expanding — more in the work on Xylella. ### Bakanae in rice Bakanae (Fusarium fujikuroi) costs Southeast Asian rice growers roughly 30% of yield. In testing, treatment brought that loss below 10%. HLB-infected citrus before treatment and marketable fruit after a JC 9465 program. ## How does ROS improve post-harvest safety? The UC Davis Post-Harvest department measured a 6-log CFU reduction on E. coli, Listeria, and Salmonella in under 10 seconds at +700 mV — fast enough for line speed in a dump tank or hydro-cooler, with no hold time. The University of Washington studied cross-contamination during apple harvesting, where one infected lot seeds a whole tank. Holding wash water at the ORP setpoint prevents that. Shelf life extends without a change in taste. More on food safety and produce quality. ## Certifications - EPA FIFRA registered (2020) - USDA NOP Organic certified (2021, 7 CFR Part 205) - USEPA water approved - JC 9465 and JC 9450, the same chemistry in technical service, are certified to NSF/ANSI/CAN Standard 60 at a maximum dose of 84 mg/L Field-trial rows: treated blocks recover while untreated blocks decline. ## Frequently asked questions Can JC 9465 be used on certified organic crops? Yes. It is certified to the USDA National Organic Program under 7 CFR Part 205, alongside its EPA FIFRA pesticide registration. That combination lets a grower run one material on organic and conventional blocks instead of two chemical programs. Confirm the specific use against the label and your certifier's requirements. How do I control the rate in the field? By ORP rather than by ppm. An oxidation-reduction potential meter reads how much oxidizing work the water can still do, which is what actually determines kill. In-field and post-harvest disinfection targets run +650 to +750 mV. Above +700 mV the reduction is 6-log in under 10 seconds. What rates were used in the Selma vineyard trial? Sawtooth Ag Research applied 78 mg/L through soil irrigation and 390 mg/L as a foliar spray, four times across the 2023 season on mature French Colombard. Foliar-treated vines showed 49% more harvestable yield, 50% less sour rot, and 73 clusters per vine against 60 on the control — trial results from one block and season. Can it go through the irrigation system? Yes. Injection into drip or irrigation lines delivers it to the root zone and clears the biofilm that plugs emitters and cuts line flow. Growers also apply it as a foliar spray, a soil drench, and a seed treatment, so one product covers most of the crop cycle. Can the same product be used in post-harvest wash water? Yes — wash water, dump tanks, hydro-cooler water, and packing ice. UC Davis measured a 6-log reduction on E. coli, Listeria, and Salmonella in under 10 seconds at +700 mV, fast enough for line speed. University of Washington work looked at cross-contamination during apple harvest, the main risk a wash tank creates. Charles Jennings Owner & General Manager, Jenfitch, Inc. Charles leads the technical, regulatory, and field work behind Jenfitch's mineral oxychloride, coagulant, and metal-removal chemistry. Reach him at charles@jenfitch.com or (925) 289-3559. --- ## Organic Powdery Mildew Control for Grapes | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/powdery-mildew-mineral-oxychloride Home / Blog / Controlling Powdery Mildew in California Vineyards Agriculture # Controlling Powdery Mildew in California Vineyards By Charles Jennings · Jenfitch, Inc. Powdery mildew in California vineyards is caused by Erysiphe necator and is now being controlled with JC 9465 mineral oxychloride solution, an advanced oxidation reagent that generates reactive oxygen species. A 2024 field study on Crimson Seedless grapes in Fresno County evaluated its efficacy under production-scale conditions, where conventional fungicides face resistance and residue concerns. Last updated 26 September 2026 In California's sun-soaked vineyards, where the wine and table grape industries are cornerstones of the state's agricultural economy, powdery mildew remains a relentless adversary. Caused by the fungal pathogen Erysiphe necator, powdery mildew is one of the most pervasive and damaging diseases in viticulture, affecting both the yield and the market quality of grapes. Once established, powdery mildew spreads rapidly, producing a characteristic white, powdery coating across leaves, shoots, and fruit. Beyond its visual symptoms, the disease can severely compromise vine function, distorting leaves, scarring fruit, and reducing sugar accumulation, all of which pose significant threats to both growers and winemakers. ## Why is conventional mildew control failing? Traditionally, powdery mildew has been managed through a combination of cultural practices, resistant cultivars, and fungicide applications. Preventive fungicides such as sulfur and biologicals are commonly used as protectants, while eradicants, including horticultural oils and potassium bicarbonate, are employed when infections are already visible. However, repeated use of these chemicals raises concerns about environmental impact, pesticide residues, and, increasingly, pathogen resistance. With the pressure mounting to find sustainable, effective, and residue-free solutions, attention has turned to novel technologies that offer both performance and environmental compatibility. ## What is mineral oxychloride technology? A promising alternative is emerging in the form of JC 9465 Mineral Oxychloride Solution (MOCl), a proprietary advanced oxidation reagent developed for agricultural applications. MOCl functions through the generation of high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which target and destroy microbial cells by oxidative stress rather than chemical toxicity. In the summer of 2024, a field study was conducted on a commercial vineyard in Fresno County, California, specializing in Crimson Seedless grapes, a Vitis vinifera cultivar with a documented susceptibility to powdery mildew, particularly during the latter part of the growing season. The goal was to evaluate MOCl's efficacy in managing powdery mildew in a real-world, production-scale environment. JC 9465 MOCl solution is: - EPA-registered as a biocide. - NSF-certified for use in potable water systems. - Certified organic, and approved for applications in organic agriculture. - Classified as safe for human consumption, with no pesticide residue or withholding period. Importantly, unlike conventional fungicides, microorganisms cannot develop resistance to oxidative stress, making MOCl a compelling option for integrated pest and disease management (IPDM) programs. ## Study: evaluation of mineral oxychlorides for powdery mildew control in grapes Powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) is a prevalent fungal disease in grape production, significantly affecting yield and fruit quality. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of a mineral oxychloride-based formulation (MOCl) in controlling powdery mildew. - Study location: Clovis, California - Crop: Grapes (Vitis sp., cv. Crimson) - Target disease: Powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) - Study duration: April 24 – October 4, 2024 - Application frequency: 7 applications from April to October 2024, approximately every 7–10 days - Application method: Mist blower at 100 gal/acre at a dosage of 400 PPM - Experimental setup: 4 treatments, 4 replications, 3 vines per plot - Assessment parameters: Disease incidence on leaves and bunches, bunch rot at harvest, phytotoxicity ## What advantages did JC 9465 show? ### Effective disease suppression MOCl significantly reduced powdery mildew incidence and severity across all observation dates: - Leaf infection reduction: from 58% (untreated) to 34% after 3 applications; from 73% (untreated) to 38% after 4 applications. - Bunch infection suppression: reduced mildew severity from 49% (untreated) to 35% after 6 applications; reduced and maintained severity from 59% (untreated) to 30% one month after the last application. This translates to approximately 50% reduction in disease pressure, confirming MOCl's ability to effectively suppress powdery mildew in field conditions. At harvest, rot in untreated plots reached 31.3%, while rot in JC 9465 plots was just 16.3%, a nearly 50% decrease in bunch rot. ### Reduced postharvest bunch rot At harvest, MOCl-treated plots showed a marked reduction in bunch rot: rot in untreated plots was 31.3%, versus 16.3% in JC 9465 plots. This represents a nearly 50% decrease in bunch rot, an important quality and shelf-life factor for fresh-market grapes. ### No observed phytotoxicity Across all evaluation dates, JC 9465 exhibited zero phytotoxicity, even with repeated applications. This suggests excellent crop safety, allowing for its integration into intensive spray programs without risk of plant damage. ### Comparable performance to sulfur with additional benefits On a side-by-side comparison with sulfur (Microthiol Disperss), JC 9465 MOCl delivered: - Similar disease suppression - Better performance under high disease pressure - Easier handling and potential for reduced sulfur-related vine stress ## Conclusion The JC 9465 mineral oxychloride-based agent demonstrated reliable and consistent control of powdery mildew in grapevines, with proven efficacy against leaf and bunch infections, substantial reduction in bunch rot, zero phytotoxicity over a full season, and performance comparable to sulfur with enhanced safety and handling. Mineral oxychloride solutions are a viable and valuable addition to integrated grape disease management programs. They are particularly suited for growers seeking an effective, non-phytotoxic alternative to sulfur or rotating fungicides to mitigate resistance development. JC 9465 MOCl technology offers a sustainable and scalable solution for vineyard disease management, particularly suited for organic operations or those seeking to reduce dependence on synthetic fungicides. Its mechanism of action, through oxidative degradation rather than toxicity, presents no risk of pathogen resistance development, a critical advantage as resistance to commonly used fungicides becomes increasingly problematic. As California grape growers continue to navigate climatic variability, regulatory pressure, and market demand for low-residue fruit, innovations like mineral oxychloride represent a timely and promising addition to the viticultural toolkit. Charles Jennings Owner & General Manager, Jenfitch, Inc. Charles leads the technical, regulatory, and field work behind Jenfitch's mineral oxychloride, coagulant, and metal-removal chemistry. Reach him at charles@jenfitch.com or (925) 289-3559. --- ## JC 9465 EPA & USDA Organic Approval | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/jc9465-epa-usda-approval Home / Blog / JC 9465 Earns EPA FIFRA and USDA Organic Approval Research # JC 9465 Earns EPA FIFRA and USDA Organic Approval By Charles Jennings · Jenfitch, Inc. JC 9465 holds both EPA FIFRA registration, obtained in 2020, and USDA Organic certification under 7 CFR Part 205, clearing it for organic and conventional agricultural use. FIFRA registration covers only the uses and rates printed on the approved label. Approved applications span crop production, disease and pest control, livestock support, and post-harvest processing. Last updated 26 September 2026 Jenfitch, Inc. has obtained both EPA FIFRA and USDA Organic Standard (7 CFR Part 205) approval for JC 9465, a proprietary sodium oxychloride formulation designed as an agricultural treatment solution. This dual approval clears the way for JC 9465 to be used across a wide range of organic and conventional agricultural operations. Electrochemical potential of mineral oxychloride versus common oxidants. ## A versatile agricultural treatment JC 9465 was developed to address multiple agricultural needs within a single product. Its approved applications span the full production cycle, from the field to the packing house. - Crop production aid - Disease and pest control - Fertilizer and soil amendment - Livestock production support - Post-harvest facility processing ## Performance and effectiveness Independent testing demonstrates that JC 9465 delivers rapid, powerful disinfection well beyond the capabilities of conventional chlorine. - 12 to 24 times more effective than chlorine against biofilms, bacteria, viruses, and spores. - Achieved a 6-log CFU reduction in under 10 seconds against E. coli, Listeria, and Salmonella in a UC Davis study. - Demonstrated cross-contamination elimination in apple harvesting trials at the University of Washington. JC 9465 achieved a 6-log CFU reduction in under 10 seconds against E. coli, Listeria, and Salmonella. ### Electrochemical potential JC 9465 measures 2.8–2.9 V, on par with the electrochemical potential of the hydroxyl radical (2.80 V) and exceeding ozone at 2.07 V. This high oxidation potential is the foundation of its rapid disinfection performance. ### Cost advantage Beyond its performance, JC 9465 offers a substantial economic benefit. Installation and operating expenses represent less than 1% of the cost of conventional ozone systems, making advanced oxidation accessible to a far broader range of growers and processors. ## About the approval With EPA FIFRA registration and USDA Organic certification in hand, JC 9465 is positioned to support both organic and conventional agriculture. The company is headquartered in Walnut Creek, CA. ## What FIFRA registration means — and what it does not Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, EPA reviews a product's chemistry, toxicology, and supporting data, then registers it for a defined set of uses at defined rates on an approved label. Jenfitch, Inc. obtained that registration for JC 9465 in 2020. Registration covers the uses printed on that label; it is not a blanket endorsement of the chemistry. A use that is not on the label is not covered, however well the chemistry would perform there. ## What does NOP certification mean for you? The National Organic Program is codified at 7 CFR Part 205, and JC 9465 was certified under it in 2021. A certified operation must document every input, and the certifier needs a document to file rather than a judgment call to make on the spot. The material can therefore be fed in a certified organic operation without putting the certificate at risk — but list it in your organic system plan and keep the certificate on file. The formulation is unchanged: the same mineral oxychloride chemistry used on conventional acreage. ## Why hold both in a mixed packing house? Few packing houses are purely organic or purely conventional. The same dump tank, flume, hydro-cooler, brush bed, and conveyor run organic fruit on one shift and conventional on the next, through the same water. A sanitizer cleared only for conventional use forces a second chemistry, a drain and flush, or a scheduling wall between them. Each costs water, labor, and line time. One material cleared on both sides removes the changeover: same setpoint, same pump, one set of records. Mixed-line sanitation programs usually fail an audit on the record trail, not on the microbiology. ## Where does the chemistry fit in production? - Dump tanks and wash water — the highest-risk transfer point, where one contaminated lot can seed a day's pack. - Flumes — recirculated water accumulates organic load, so oxidant demand climbs through the shift. - Hydro-coolers and ice — both contact product directly and stay with it through transport. - Foliar — 390 mg/L in the 2023 Sawtooth Ag Research vineyard study. - Soil drench and irrigation — 78 mg/L in that same study. - Post-harvest surfaces — conveyors, brushes, and clean-in-place circuits. ## Why dose to ORP setpoint, not ppm? The control variable is oxidation-reduction potential in millivolts. A ppm reading tells you how much you added; ORP tells you what the water is actually doing after soil and sugars take their share of the demand. Survivors track ORP directly: about 300 CFU/100 mL at +200 mV, 36 at +300 mV, 3 at +400 mV, zero at +600 mV. For in-field and post-harvest disinfection, hold +650 to +750 mV and let feed follow real demand instead of a fixed recipe. The ORP reference chart lists other setpoints. ## What does the efficacy record show? Against Salmonella enterica at a 2.0×107 CFU/mL start, the comparison with sodium hypochlorite is direct. Salmonella enterica log reduction — 30-minute contact Treatment | Dose | Log reduction | JC 9465 | 2 ppm | 6.60 | Sodium hypochlorite | 10 ppm | 2.02 | Sodium hypochlorite | 100 ppm | 6.49 | Read the middle row first: five times the dose of hypochlorite gave two logs, and it took 100 ppm to approach what 2 ppm of JC 9465 did. The University of Washington apple work asked the packing-house question instead — whether a contaminated lot transfers organisms to clean fruit during handling. That failure mode is covered in improving food safety and quality. ## Where does JC 9450 fit? When the job is the water itself rather than the crop, JC 9450 is the sibling product: identical chemistry, and like JC 9465 it is certified to NSF/ANSI/CAN Standard 60 for drinking-water treatment chemicals at a maximum dose of 84 mg/L. A food and agriculture program often runs both — JC 9450 on incoming and ice-making water, JC 9465 on product contact. ## Frequently asked questions Is JC 9465 approved for use on certified organic farms? Yes. It was certified under the USDA National Organic Program (7 CFR Part 205) in 2021, so it can be fed in a certified organic operation. Still list it in your organic system plan and keep the certificate on file — certification covers the material, not your paperwork. Does EPA registration mean I can use it anywhere in my plant? No. FIFRA registration authorizes the uses printed on the approved label, at the rates on that label. Registered uses for JC 9465 span crop production, disease and pest control, soil amendment, livestock support, and post-harvest facility processing. Anything not on the label is not covered. Can I run organic and conventional product through the same wash system? That is the operational reason for holding both approvals. Because JC 9465 is cleared on both sides, a mixed house runs the same dump tank, flume, and hydro-cooler at one ORP setpoint — no changeover, no drain-and-flush between runs, one set of records. What ORP should I hold in a post-harvest wash tank? Hold +650 to +750 mV for in-field and post-harvest disinfection. Surviving counts reach zero at +600 mV in the reference benchmark, and at +700 mV UC Davis Post-Harvest measured a 6-log CFU reduction in under 10 seconds on E. coli and Listeria. Charles Jennings Owner & General Manager, Jenfitch, Inc. Charles leads the technical, regulatory, and field work behind Jenfitch's mineral oxychloride, coagulant, and metal-removal chemistry. Reach him at charles@jenfitch.com or (925) 289-3559. --- ## Mineral Oxychloride vs Ozone | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/compare-vs-ozone Home / Research / Comparisons / vs. Ozone # Mineral Oxychloride vs. Ozone Ozone-class oxidation from a stable, pourable liquid — with a measurable ORP residual and no gas-generation train — at less than 1% of the cost of a conventional ozone system. Mineral oxychloride delivers ozone-class oxidation at an effective 2.8 to 2.9 V, above ozone's 2.07 V, but ships as a stable, water-soluble liquid dosed with a metering pump and ORP controller. It leaves a measurable ORP residual where ozone dissipates, needs no generator or off-gas train, and runs at under 1% of the cost of a conventional ozone system. Approved, certified & independently validated EPA FIFRA Registered USDA Organic Certified NSF/ANSI Standard 60 UC Davis University of Washington Special Pathogen Laboratory Montana State University Sawtooth Ag Research GreenAgri Solutions Southern California Edison Goleta Water District 2.8–2.9 V Mineral oxychloride vs 2.07 V for ozone — near-equal, ozone-class oxidation <1% Of the cost of a conventional ozone system for equivalent oxidation Residual Measurable ORP residual — ozone dissipates and leaves none No gas No generator, contactor, or off-gas train to build and run Side by Side ## How does mineral oxychloride compare to ozone? Short answer: mineral oxychloride oxidizes at 2.8–2.9 V against 2.07 V for ozone, and it arrives as a stable, water-soluble liquid, so there is no generator, contactor or off-gas system to buy and power. Unlike ozone, which dissipates quickly, it leaves a measurable ORP residual, and it carries no bromate risk in bromide-bearing water. Comparison of Jenfitch mineral oxychloride (JC 9465 / JC 9450) against a conventional ozone (O3) system across key selection criteria. Criterion | Mineral oxychloride (JC 9465 / 9450) | Ozone (O3) | Oxidation potential (V) | 2.8–2.9 | 2.07 | Mechanism | Reactive oxygen species released in situ from a liquid | Dissolved ozone gas / hydroxyl radicals | Residual protection | Measurable ORP residual; mildly biocidal by-products | None — ozone dissipates quickly | Handling / safety | Stable, 100% water-soluble ready-to-use liquid | Generated on demand; off-gas and O₃ exposure controls | Capital cost | Metering pump and ORP controller | Generator, contactor, off-gas destruction, power supply | Operating cost | <1% of a conventional ozone system | High — energy-intensive gas generation | By-products | Mineral-oxide by-products below FDA limits | Bromate potential in bromide-bearing waters | Control method | ORP (mV), tied directly to kill efficacy | Dissolved-ozone / off-gas monitoring | Ozone-Class, Without the Gas ## Why is this simpler than ozone? Ozone is a powerful oxidant at 2.07 V and a mainstay of advanced water treatment for taste, odor, color, and micro-pollutant destruction. Its drawback is the system around it: ozone must be generated on site from oxygen or air, dissolved into water through a contactor, and its off-gas destroyed — an energy-intensive train with real capital, maintenance, and safety overhead. And once generated, ozone dissipates quickly and leaves no residual, so downstream protection has to come from a second chemical. Mineral oxychloride delivers ozone-class oxidation — an effective potential of 2.8–2.9 V, near-equal to and even above ozone — but from a stable, pourable liquid. It is described as “ozone-class oxidation without dissolving a gas in water.” The weakly bound mineral–oxygen complex releases reactive oxygen species (including the hydroxyl radical, at 2.80 V) on contact, with no generator, contactor, or off-gas system to build and operate. ### A residual ozone cannot leave Because the reaction is effectively catalytic and the mineral-oxide by-products are mildly biocidal, mineral oxychloride leaves a measurable ORP residual that resists recontamination — something ozone, by its nature, cannot provide. This matters wherever downstream protection is needed, such as zebra and quagga mussel control, where ozone-class oxidation with a lingering residual is the advantage. ### At a fraction of the cost The practical result is cost. For equivalent oxidation, mineral oxychloride runs at less than 1% of the cost of a conventional ozone system — largely by eliminating the capital and energy of generating and dissolving a gas. It also integrates as an enhancement to existing ozone systems, improving performance while lowering demand. Dosing is verified by ORP: roughly +600 mV for a disinfection barrier, +700 mV for a 6-log kill in under 10 seconds. ### Where ozone fits Ozone remains an established, effective choice for taste and odor control, color removal, and advanced oxidation of trace organics in large municipal and bottling plants — particularly where an existing generation train is already in place and no residual is required. ### Where mineral oxychloride fits Choose mineral oxychloride when you want ozone-class oxidation with a residual, a far lower capital and operating cost, no gas-handling hazards, and a single liquid that scales from a bench study to a full plant on ORP control. i ### The takeaway If you are drawn to ozone for its oxidizing strength but not its gas-generation system, mineral oxychloride gives you near-equal potential (2.8–2.9 V) as a pourable liquid, adds a measurable ORP residual ozone cannot, and does it at under 1% of an ozone system's cost. Ozone is a proven, widely deployed technology and remains an excellent fit for many taste, odor, and advanced-oxidation duties — especially where a generation train already exists. Oxidation potentials are standard reference values; field performance depends on dose, contact time, water chemistry, and demand, and should be confirmed by a bench study and pilot. Frequently Asked Questions ## Mineral oxychloride and ozone. Is mineral oxychloride as strong as ozone? Yes, and then some. Its effective oxidation potential of 2.8–2.9 V is near-equal to and above ozone's 2.07 V, which is why we describe it as ozone-class oxidation. The difference is how that oxidation is delivered: ozone must be generated on site as a gas and dissolved into the water, while mineral oxychloride releases reactive oxygen species in situ from a stable, pourable liquid. Does it leave a residual like ozone does not? Correct. Ozone dissipates quickly and leaves no residual, so protection ends where the contactor ends. Mineral oxychloride leaves a measurable ORP residual and mildly biocidal mineral-oxide by-products that resist recontamination, and those by-products fall below FDA limits. Control is by oxidation-reduction potential in millivolts, tied directly to kill efficacy, so the residual can be read on a meter rather than inferred. How much cheaper is it than an ozone system? For equivalent oxidation, it runs at less than 1% of the cost of a conventional ozone system, chiefly by avoiding the capital and energy of generating and dissolving a gas. An ozone train needs a generator, contactor, off-gas destruction, and power supply, and the gas generation itself is energy-intensive. Mineral oxychloride needs only a metering pump and an ORP controller, so operating cost falls with it. Do I need special equipment? No generator, contactor, or off-gas destruction train is required. It is a stable, 100% water-soluble, ready-to-use liquid fed by a metering pump under ORP control, and it can also enhance an existing ozone system rather than replace it. Because nothing is generated on site, there is no on-demand gas generation and no off-gas or ozone-exposure controls to operate, and the ORP controller provides the dosing feedback. Is ozone still a good choice? Yes. Ozone is well-proven for taste, odor, color, and advanced oxidation, especially where a generation train already exists and no residual is needed. Mineral oxychloride is the alternative where those trade-offs become limiting, such as when capital and energy cost, on-site gas handling, bromate potential in bromide-bearing waters, or the lack of a lasting residual matter. The two can also work together, with the liquid enhancing an existing ozone process. --- ## Mineral Oxychloride vs Chlorine | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/compare-vs-chlorine Home / Research / Comparisons / vs. Chlorine # Mineral Oxychloride vs. Chlorine Jenfitch mineral oxychloride oxidizes at 2.8–2.9 V versus chlorine's 1.36 V — killing through oxygen radicals rather than chlorination, with no chlorinated by-products and a far lower dose. Mineral oxychloride oxidizes at 2.8 to 2.9 V against chlorine's 1.36 V, killing through reactive oxygen species rather than chlorination. It forms no chlorinated disinfection by-products, doses at under 1.0 mg/L per mg/L of inorganics versus roughly 6 mg/L for chlorine, and is 12 to 24 times more effective on biofilm, bacteria, viruses, and spores. Approved, certified & independently validated EPA FIFRA Registered USDA Organic Certified NSF/ANSI Standard 60 UC Davis University of Washington Special Pathogen Laboratory Montana State University Sawtooth Ag Research GreenAgri Solutions Southern California Edison Goleta Water District 2.8–2.9 V Mineral oxychloride vs 1.36 V for chlorine (Cl₂) 12–24× More effective than chlorine on biofilm, bacteria, viruses, and spores <1 mg/L Dose per mg/L of inorganics vs roughly 6 mg/L for chlorine 6.60 log Salmonella kill at 2 ppm vs 2.02 log for hypochlorite at 10 ppm Side by Side ## How does mineral oxychloride compare to chlorine? Short answer: mineral oxychloride oxidizes at 2.8–2.9 V against 1.36 V for chlorine, forms no chlorinated disinfection by-products, and is 12–24× more effective on biofilm, bacteria, viruses and spores at under 1 mg/L per mg/L of inorganics, versus about 6 mg/L for chlorine. It is a ready-to-use liquid with a six-month shelf life, dosed to ORP rather than ppm. Comparison of Jenfitch mineral oxychloride (JC 9465 / JC 9450) against conventional chlorine (chlorine gas / sodium hypochlorite) across key selection criteria. Criterion | Mineral oxychloride (JC 9465 / 9450) | Chlorine (Cl2 / NaOCl) | Oxidation potential (V) | 2.8–2.9 | 1.36 (Cl2); 0.94 (NaOCl) | Mechanism | Reactive oxygen species — oxidation by oxygen radicals | Chlorination / oxidative poisoning | Relative effectiveness | 12–24× chlorine on biofilm, bacteria, viruses, spores | Baseline | Typical dose (inorganics) | <1.0 mg/L per mg/L | ~6 mg/L per mg/L | Residual protection | Mildly biocidal mineral-oxide by-products; ORP-verified | Free-chlorine residual (pH-dependent) | By-products | No chlorinated DBPs; breaks down existing organics | THMs / HAAs and other chlorinated DBPs | Handling / safety | 100% water-soluble ready-to-use liquid; ~6-month shelf life | Corrosive gas or hypochlorite; ~30-day shelf life | Capital cost | Minimal — metering pump and ORP controller | Gas rooms / scrubbers or bulk hypochlorite storage | Operating cost | Lower dose offsets unit price | Higher dose; DBP management | Control method | ORP (mV), tied directly to kill efficacy | Free-chlorine residual / ppm | Why the Gap ## Why does mineral oxychloride kill differently? Chlorine disinfects by chlorinating and oxidizing cellular structures — effective, but comparatively slow, pH-sensitive, and prone to forming chlorinated disinfection by-products (DBPs) as it reacts with organic matter. Mineral oxychloride works differently: the weakly bound mineral–oxygen complex releases a family of reactive oxygen species (superoxide, hydroxyl radical, singlet oxygen, hydroperoxyl, and peroxide) that attack cell membranes, proteins, and nucleic acids through oxygen radicals rather than chlorine poisoning. That mechanism is why the numbers diverge. Against a Salmonella enterica challenge (30 minutes, 2.0×107 CFU/mL starting load), JC 9465 delivered a 6.60 log reduction at just 2 ppm, while sodium hypochlorite needed 100 ppm to reach a comparable 6.49 log — and managed only 2.02 log at 10 ppm. Overall, the chemistry is 12–24× more effective than chlorine at controlling biofilms, bacteria, viruses, and spores, and it works in places where chlorine struggles, such as inside established biofilm. ### Lower dose, no chlorinated by-products Because each molecule generates multiple oxidizing species and the reaction is effectively catalytic, the dose is low: below 1.0 mg/L per mg/L of inorganics, compared with roughly 6 mg/L for chlorine. And because the active species are oxygen radicals rather than chlorine, treatment does not add chlorinated DBPs — in fact the oxidation breaks down organics that would otherwise form them. The mineral-oxide by-products that remain are mildly biocidal, resist recontamination, and fall below FDA limits. ### Handling and control Mineral oxychloride ships as a 100% water-soluble, ready-to-use liquid with roughly a six-month shelf life — about six times that of sodium hypochlorite — and is dosed to a target ORP rather than by ppm alone. Holding roughly +600 mV creates a disinfection barrier; +700 mV delivers a 6-log kill in under 10 seconds. JC 9465 is EPA FIFRA registered and USDA NOP Organic certified; JC 9465 and JC 9450 are NSF/ANSI Standard 60 certified. The Benchmark ## Oxidation potential of common oxidants. Standard oxidation (redox) potentials in volts. Higher values indicate stronger oxidizing power. Mineral oxychloride generates a family of reactive oxygen species with an effective potential of 2.8–2.9 V. Oxidant | Oxidation potential (V) | Fluorine | 3.06 | Mineral oxychloride (JC 9465 / JC 9450) | 2.8–2.9 | Hydroxyl radical (•OH) | 2.80 | Ozone (O3) | 2.07 | Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) | 1.57 | Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) | 1.49 | Chlorine (Cl2) | 1.36 | Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) | 0.94 | Superoxide (O2−) | −2.40 | i ### The takeaway Where you need stronger, faster oxidation without chlorinated by-products — especially on biofilm, in food and produce, or where chlorine underperforms — mineral oxychloride delivers higher potential (2.8–2.9 V), a lower dose, and ORP-verified control. Chlorine remains a sound, inexpensive residual disinfectant for many distribution systems. Chlorine is the most widely used, well-regulated disinfectant in the world and remains the default residual for potable-water distribution. Oxidation potentials are standard reference values; field performance depends on dose, contact time, pH, temperature, and demand, and should be confirmed by a bench study and pilot. Frequently Asked Questions ## Mineral oxychloride and chlorine. Is mineral oxychloride stronger than chlorine? Yes. Its effective oxidation potential of 2.8–2.9 V is well above chlorine's 1.36 V (and sodium hypochlorite's 0.94 V), and it is 12 to 24 times more effective than chlorine against biofilm, bacteria, viruses, and spores. The difference is mechanistic: mineral oxychloride kills through reactive oxygen species, oxidizing by oxygen radicals, while chlorine works by chlorination and oxidative poisoning. That higher potential is also why the required dose is far lower. Does it form the same by-products as chlorine? No. It kills through oxygen radicals rather than chlorination, so it does not add chlorinated disinfection by-products such as THMs and HAAs, and it breaks down existing organics that would otherwise form them. Chlorine gas and sodium hypochlorite, by contrast, disinfect by chlorination and generate chlorinated DBPs. The by-products left by mineral oxychloride are mildly biocidal mineral oxides, and dosing is verified by measuring oxidation-reduction potential rather than a free-chlorine residual. How much less product do I need? For inorganics, dosing is below 1.0 mg/L per mg/L of inorganics, compared with roughly 6 mg/L for chlorine. The lower dose helps offset the higher unit price. Because the chemistry oxidizes at 2.8–2.9 V rather than chlorine's 1.36 V, less product is needed to reach the same oxidative work, and capital cost stays minimal because feeding it requires only a metering pump. Can it replace chlorine everywhere? Not always. Chlorine remains an economical, well-understood residual disinfectant for distribution systems, where its pH-dependent free-chlorine residual is familiar to operators. Mineral oxychloride is the stronger choice where chlorine underperforms, including biofilm, food and produce, and cooling systems, and it can be run alongside existing chlorinated protocols rather than displacing them. Its own residual protection comes from mildly biocidal mineral-oxide by-products and is verified by ORP. How is it dosed and verified? As a 100% water-soluble, ready-to-use liquid dosed to a target oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in millivolts, fed by a metering pump under ORP control. Roughly +600 mV establishes a disinfection barrier and +700 mV delivers a 6-log kill in under 10 seconds. Because ORP ties directly to kill efficacy, the meter reading is the verification. The product has about a six-month shelf life. See the ORP chart. --- ## Mineral Oxychloride vs Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2) | Jenfitch, Inc. URL: https://jenfitch.com/mineral-oxychloride-vs-clo2 Home / Blog / Mineral Oxychloride vs. Chlorine Dioxide Research # Mineral Oxychloride vs. Chlorine Dioxide By Charles Jennings · Jenfitch, Inc. Mineral oxychloride is a second-generation advanced oxidation reagent that delivers better disinfection, biofilm removal and residual protection than chlorine dioxide. Dissolved in water, it releases a non-selective cascade of reactive oxygen species, including hydroxyl radicals at 2.8 to 2.9 volts, through modified Fenton and Haber-Weiss pathways, with no external energy input required. Last updated 26 September 2026 Mineral oxychloride reagents represent a second-generation advanced oxidation process (AOP) that delivers superior disinfection, biofilm removal, and residual protection compared to conventional oxidants such as chlorine dioxide (ClO2). This article, by Ms. Emma Flanagan of Envirocleen, presents their technical and operational advantages for water treatment. The mineral oxychloride reagent process and the reactive oxygen species it generates. ## Mineral oxychloride vs chlorine dioxide: the short answer Mineral oxychlorides are advanced oxidation agents that deliver superior disinfection, biofilm removal, and residual protection compared to conventional oxidants. By generating highly reactive oxygen species (ROS), including hydroxyl radicals, these reagents offer a safe, energy-efficient, and sustainable alternative that aligns with all 12 principles of green chemistry. While both agents have antimicrobial applications, mineral oxychlorides represent a second-generation advanced oxidation process (AOP) with greater oxidative efficiency and broader reactivity. Mineral oxychloride releases a cascade of reactive oxygen species from a mineral–chloride complex. ## What is a mineral oxychloride? Mineral oxychlorides (MxOyClz) are a class of compounds composed of transition metals bonded to oxygen and chlorine. In aqueous media, these compounds exhibit high photocatalytic activity, primarily through the generation of ROS, especially hydroxyl radicals (•OH), which drive their efficacy as AOP agents. When dissolved in water, mineral oxychlorides initiate highly reactive oxidative pathways without requiring external energy input. The primary mechanism involves modified Fenton reactions, notably the Haber–Weiss pathway: O2•− + H2O2 → (metal catalyst) → O2 + •OH + OH− Unlike chlorine dioxide, which engages in selective oxidation of limited contaminants, mineral oxychlorides initiate a cascade of non-selective oxidative species, including: - Hydroxyl radicals (•OH) - Superoxide (O2•−) - Perhydroxyl radicals (HO2•) - Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) - Hydroxyl and oxygen ions These ROS are generated via self-sustaining chain reactions catalyzed by the internal vibrational energy of the mineral components, resulting in a highly efficient, low-energy process. ## How does it work in water treatment? Hydroxyl radicals possess an oxidation potential of 2.8–2.9 V, second only to fluorine, but far more practical for water applications. The reagent's unique catalytic profile ensures continuous in situ ROS generation without external energy input. ### Water activation pathways - Dissociation: H2O + e− → •OH + •H + e− - Excitation: H2O + e− → H2O* + e− → H2O + •OH + •H - Ionization: H2O + e− → H2O+ + 2e− → H3O+ + •OH These autocatalytic reactions keep the system active until new contamination is introduced. Advanced oxidation via mineral oxychlorides rapidly degrades both organic and inorganic pollutants into biodegradable and non-toxic byproducts. Mechanisms include hydrogen abstraction, electrophilic substitution, and electron transfer. These reactions lead to the formation and subsequent oxidation of carbon-centered radicals, ultimately yielding alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, and complete mineralization to CO2 and H2O. At high redox saturation, hypochlorite ions (OCl−) may form and convert into hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in acidic environments. However, ROS remains the dominant active species in these systems. ### Key oxidative targets - Biofilms: degraded via oxidative destruction of extracellular polysaccharides. - Microorganisms: eliminated through ROS-induced cellular lysis. - Organic and metal contaminants: decomposed via rapid electron-transfer reactions. ## How does it kill microorganisms? Hydroxyl radicals exert powerful oxidative stress on microorganisms by: - Attacking unsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes - Inducing lipid peroxidation and membrane destabilization - Oxidizing proteins and nucleic acids via sulfhydryl and amino acid damage - Promoting disulfide cross-links and DNA mutations This broad-spectrum, multi-target mechanism ensures rapid microbial death, biofilm eradication, and minimal potential for resistance development. ## What are the operational benefits? Historically, AOPs were reserved for high-COD effluents due to cost and complexity. Mineral oxychloride reagents overcome these limitations by offering: - Easy-to-use liquid formulation - Minimal capital and operating costs - No specialized equipment or training - NSF and EPA certifications for potable and non-potable use - Complete compliance with green chemistry principles - Zero formation of regulated DBPs or bromates The reagent integrates seamlessly with existing chlorinated protocols, enhancing efficiency while reducing chemical demand. ## How does chlorine dioxide chemistry work? Chlorine dioxide is a dissolved gas produced on-site from sodium chlorite or chlorate. It functions effectively as a selective oxidant with antimicrobial properties, particularly against protozoa and biofilm. - Oxidation potential: 0.94 V (one-electron transfer) to 1.57 V (full reduction to chloride) - Oxidation capacity: 5-electron transfer (~263% available chlorine) - Selective reactivity: targets phenols, sulfides, cyanides, Fe, Mn - Low reactivity toward: aromatic and unsaturated bonds - Temperature sensitivity: degrades rapidly at high temperatures - Byproduct profile: lower DBP formation than chlorine Though effective, ClO2 has limitations in broader oxidation of complex organics and presents handling, storage, and safety challenges due to its gaseous and explosive nature. ## How do the two oxidants compare? Feature | Chlorine dioxide | Mineral oxychloride | Electrochemical potential | 0.94–1.57 V | 2.8–2.9 V | Disinfection speed | Moderate | Very fast | Residual protection | Limited | Long-lasting, autocatalytic | Biofilm control | Good (size-based penetration) | Excellent (oxidative destruction) | Byproducts (DBPs) | Low | None (breaks down existing DBPs) | Temperature stability | Degrades at high temperature | Stable; reactivity increases | Solubility | Gas phase; not fully soluble | Fully water-soluble | pH range effectiveness | 5–10 | 4–10 | Hazard & storage risk | High (explosive gas, corrosive) | Low (non-flammable, stable) | Green chemistry compliance | No | Yes (meets all 12 EPA principles) | Hydroxyl radicals possess an oxidation potential of 2.8–2.9 V, second only to fluorine, but far more practical for water applications. ## Operational advantages of mineral oxychloride - No on-site gas generation or hazardous storage - Stable liquid form with long shelf life - Broad-spectrum action with minimal contact time - Converts contaminants into biodegradable byproducts - Compatible with most treatment protocols - May reduce or eliminate use of additional chemicals ## Application areas Mineral oxychloride reagents are ideal for: - Municipal and potable water systems - Industrial and cooling water systems - Food and beverage sanitation - Oil and gas generation and processing: biofilm, H2S, FeS, and mercaptans - Agriculture and aquaculture: pre- and post-harvest disinfection Approved by the U.S. EPA FIFRA as a disinfectant, USDA NOP (National Organic Program), and certified by NSF Std. 60, these reagents are suitable for both potable and non-potable systems. ## Conclusion: mineral oxychloride or chlorine dioxide? Mineral oxychloride reagents represent a significant advancement in water treatment, combining unmatched oxidative potential, environmental safety, and operational simplicity. Compared to chlorine dioxide, they deliver superior disinfection, longer residual protection, and greater degradation of a wide range of contaminants, all without producing hazardous byproducts. Mineral oxychlorides represent the next generation of water treatment technology, offering superior oxidation strength, safety, and sustainability over chlorine dioxide. As water disinfection and regulatory compliance challenges increase, this reagent provides a cost-effective, eco-friendly, and technically superior alternative for meeting treatment goals. Charles Jennings Owner & General Manager, Jenfitch, Inc. Charles leads the technical, regulatory, and field work behind Jenfitch's mineral oxychloride, coagulant, and metal-removal chemistry. 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