Legionnaires’ disease first garnered public attention in 1976. After attending an American Legion convention at a Philadelphia hotel, 221 people became ill, with 34 dying of a mysterious illness. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) launched a major investigation, and in 1977 identified the responsible bacterium, naming it Legionella.
Infections caused by Legionella are called Legionellosis and have mild to severe effects. Two diseases caused by Legionella are Legionnaires’ disease and Pontiac Fever. Legionnaires’ disease is a potentially fatal pneumonia, whereas Pontiac Fever is more like a mild flu. While the disease and its cause are well known, the CDC reports that cases of Legionnaires’ disease in the United States have grown by nearly 450 percent since 2000. This may be partly due to more infections, but also to aging population, increased awareness and testing, and other factors
Symptoms for Pontiac Fever begin a few hours to three days after exposure and last about a week. Legionnaire’s disease symptoms begin 2 to 10 days from exposure. They may include cough, shortness of breath, fever, chills, headaches, muscle aches, and gastrointestinal illness. Patients often require hospitalization. Fatality rate varies, but the overall rate in Europe is 12 percent according to the World Health Organization (WHO).
Inhaling contaminated, aerosolized water droplets less than five microns in diameter is the most common route of exposure. Showerheads and faucets, hot tubs, cooling towers, HVAC systems, water fountains, and other water systems create aerosols that transmit the bacteria. Those most at risk are people over 50 years old, current or former smokers, people with existing lung disease, and those with compromised immune systems.
Legionella Bacteria The Importance of Biofilm
Legionellae are common throughout the worldwide environment in water and moist soil. While there are numerous species and subspecies of Legionella, only a few cause infections, with the majority resulting from exposure to L.pneumophila.
Legionella prefers warm water for growth, over 20º C (77º F), but below 50º C (122º F). The optimum temperature is 37º C (98.6º F), which is body temperature and the temperature most hot tubs are set at. It multiplies in stagnant water, making facilities with intermittent flows attractive. Cruise ships, hotels, campsites, and schools are highly susceptible for this reason.
In nature, Legionella does not exist in quantities to cause disease. However, small amounts can enter the water distribution system. It can then multiply in the complex water systems of large buildings and other facilities to become infectious. In addition to those noted above, common locations for infection include hospitals, large office complexes, areas around cooling towers, and fountains.
Microorganisms, including Legionellae can adhere to natural and man-made surfaces. As they colonize they form a biofilm, which helps protect them from temperature extremes or biocides. Biofilms are extremely complex ecosystems and may consist of bacteria, algae, and grazing protozoa. Areas of slow water flow and stagnation encourage biofilm formation.
Water flowing past the biofilm provides nutrients and gas exchange, allowing Legionella to multiply. The biofilm provides stability, making it more difficult to physically remove Legionella and other pathogens, especially on surfaces with scale or corrosion. About 90 percent of the Legionella bacteria are in the biofilm versus the water stream.
Legionellae grown in a biofilm are more resistant than those grown in the liquid phase. Research at the Montana State University Center for Biofilm Engineering has also found that as biofilms collect sediment or scale they become brittle and can break off in fragments. When these fragments are inhaled, they are more difficult for the body to clear than single bacteria.
As biofilm grows, protozoans can live within it. Protozoans are single celled animals, and include flagellates, ciliates, and amoebae. Legionella can infect an amoeba, a protozoan species, using the amoeba’s internal materials as nutrients while gaining protection from the outside environment. Legionellae replicate within the amoebae, ultimately exploding and infecting other amoebae, then continuing to multiply.
To make things worse, Legionella that has grown within an amoeba may be protected from adverse conditions. Per a May 2013 article in the journal Virulence, “Cellular microbiology and molecular ecology of Legionella—amoeba interaction,” when environmental conditions are unfavorable, amoeba can form into a cyst, protecting Legionella. The article also notes that “bacteria grown in amoeba have changes in biochemistry, physiology, and virulence potential” including better antibiotic and chemical resistance.
CHALLENGES
Industries and companies are responsible for minimizing risks posed by the growth of Legionella in their water systems thus preventing Legionellosis
Regulatory Landscape
Regulations for preventing Legionellosis are difficult to encapsulate. The United Kingdom was a leader in this respect, implementing a stringent Code of Conduct after a major outbreak in the 1980’s. TheEuropeanTechnicalGuidelinesforthePrevention,ControlandInvestigationofInfectionsCausedbyLegionellaSpecies is used as referral document throughout Europe. While individual countries may have different specific requirements, each has required methods to minimize risk, control Legionella growth, and document actions taken. Guidelines in the United States (U.S.) are issued by the CDC, but there are currently no regulations. Some states or cities have adopted sections of the guidelines as law. Affected industries have implemented standards supported by the CDC, which offers a toolkit called DevelopingaWaterManagementProgramtoReduceLegionellaGrowthandSpreadinBuildings:APracticalGuidetoImplementingIndustryStandards. Other countries, like Indonesia, are now considering regulations for the control and prevention of Legionellosis.
Water Safety Plans
The guidelines above include development of a written Water Safety Plan (WSP) or water management program for each affected facility. Companies must perform a survey and risk assessment, looking at every link in the causative chain for Legionellosis. Once the risk assessment is complete they must address all
the applicable issues. Other items in the WSP include training requirements for employees, documentation, and procedures to follow if an outbreak occurs. Each WSP is unique to its facility.
Items required in the WSP may include maintaining cold water taps below 15º C (59º F) and above 50º C (122º F), flushing stagnant lines, adding disinfectants, and preventing corrosion and biofilm buildup.
Breaking the Causative Chain
While regulations, standards, and guidelines for preventing Legionellosis have been in effect for over 30 years, the number of outbreaks continues to grow. Recent U.S. cases include a July 2018 outbreak resulting in 22 people with Legionnaire’s disease and one death. In August 2018, an outbreak in New Hampshire left 14 people sick and one person deceased. In Italy, a July 2018 outbreak with 26 cases claimed three lives.
Clearly, the challenge of preventing this deadly disease is still ongoing. Each link in the causative chain must be addressed. Companies must find and cut the chain at its weakest link.
SOLUTION
In order to cause infection, Legionella must be allowed to multiply and gain sufficient numbers. By controlling and minimizing Legionella proliferation, facility owners greatly reduce the risk of an outbreak.
Biofilm hosts the clear majority of Legionella in a water system—about 90 percent as noted previously. Also, Legionella grown in biofilm is more resistant to control methods. Heavy biofilm growth also supports amoebae, in which Legionella can strengthen and grow to the point of great multiplication and explosion.
By controlling the formation of biofilm, the causative chain of Legionellosis can be broken.
Biofilm prevention and removal should be part of a general microbial control program. Stopping the multiplication of Legionella does the same for other pathogens. For example, Naegleria fowleri, the “brain-eating amoeba,” or Salmonella, which causes 1.2 million gastrointestinal illnesses in the U.S. each year, could be reduced.
Jenfitch is one of the world’s leading water treatment companies, with a presence in Canada, Mexico, Australia ,Korea, California Texas and Florida. Our team collectively has hundreds of years of industrial water treatment experience. With a deep understanding of Legionella and other pathogens, we are experts in controlling the multiplication of waterborne bacteria. Biofilms are very complex, dynamic systems. Preventing and removing them requires a high level of expertise. Many of our employees have worked in the industrial water industry and understand the systems where Legionella growth occurs
Reducing the Risk of Legionellosis
We also keep up with regulations on a worldwide basis, and have been developing several methods using biofilm monitoring and mineral oxychloride chemistry to control legionellosis. Using ORP to control biological growth, we can eliminate legionellosis in less than 4 hours in most systems.
Detecting Biofilm is the first step in prevent it from forming in your system. While there are several models in the marketplace that claim to detect biofilm as its forming, a new system developed and marketed by Aquanomix called, “CANARY”, has the ability to detect a monolayer of bacteria in your water system. The sensitivity of this unit makes it ideal for monitoring deposits that hinder heat transfer and the development of biofilm in your system. Once you have detected a biofilm forming, you need a powerful treatment program. Jenfitch, Inc. has developed a powerful treatment program that is cost effective and simple to use. It was developed to eliminate harmful biofilm buildups in your system.
Chart No.1 indicates the higher the voltage the quicker disinfection occurs. JC 9465 has demonstrated quicker disinfection as a single oxidant and has been proven highly effective in a variety of applications, where chlorine alone failed, including biofilm, paper, cooling water, food and beverage, utilities, and oil and gas.
The Power of JC 9465
Using our mineral oxychloride chemistry to control biofilm and prevent legionellosis is the most recent development of technology for treating system contaminated with legionellosis. However, to understand how the mineral oxychloride chemistry works, you need to understand ORP and how to use ORP to achieve a 6-log reduction in less than 10 seconds in your water system. “ORP” refers to “oxidation-reduction potential (as measured in millivolt).” In Chart No. 2, we use the electrochemical voltage (Ev) of various disinfectants to express their reactivity in a water solution.
Ozone is a known disinfectant for treating water. It can achieve a 6-log reduction in less than 10 seconds. Ozone has an Ev of +2.07 mV and sodium hypochlorite has an Ev of +0.94 mV. Hydroxyl radical ions have an Ev of +2.8 mV and JC 9450/JC 9465 has an Ev of +2.8 mV(Refer to chart No.2). What this means is hydroxyl radical ions, a member of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), has more energy to reacts faster with microorganisms than sodium hypochlorite. Mineral oxychloride chemistry generates a very high concentration of hydroxyl radical ions and singlet oxygen ions that can achieve a 6-log reduction of legionellosis in less than 10 seconds. In a study conducted the Ozone Institute they validated the concept of “a higher positive millivolt in solution will decrease the activity of microorganisms in that solution.”
Controlling Legionella. JC 9465 is a new mineral oxychloride chemistry that is NSF approved, EPA registered as a biocide and USDA Organic Registered for use in applications requiring organic products only. In a study conducted by Special Pathogen Lab (PA) using JC 9465, they confirmed that controlling the ORP range above +700 mV effectively achieved a 6-log reduction of legionellosis in less than 10 seconds. JC 9465 is a mineral oxychloride chemistry that mimic nature’s ability to generate a very high concentration of ROS in the form of hydroxyl radical ions and singlet oxygen ions. JC 9465 is a chemical that is more effective than chlorine. In Chart No.1, we see that electrochemical voltage is a method used to determine the strength of an oxidizing biocide. Ozone which a common and well-known oxidant is 2.07 volts, sodium hypochlorous acid (HOCL) is 1.36 volts, and JC 9465 is 2.7 volts-2.8 volts which indicates more energy for quicker disinfections. For more information on this technology please visit our website, www.jenfitch.com
Advancing Swimming Pool & Hot Tub Spa Sanitation Treatments: The Benefits of Advanced Oxidizing Processes Technology Agent HydroTreat™ Over Conventional Treatment Methods
Executive Summary
This white paper explores the technological and environmental advantages of HydroTreat™, an advanced oxidizing processes (AOP) product for swimming pool and hot tub sanitation, emphasizing why this product is a superior choice compared to traditional chlorine and bromine-based treatments. HydroTreat™, aims to enhance pool maintenance by reducing the frequency of application and minimizing the adverse effects commonly associated with long-term chemical exposure. With a focus on effective outcomes, cost-efficiency, and environmental friendliness, this new product offers a significant improvement over conventional chemical solutions, potentially reshaping industry standards and practices.
Introduction
The pool industry has long relied on a range of chemical treatments to maintain water cleanliness and safety. Traditional chemicals, while effective, often come with drawbacks such as high costs, potential health risks, and environmental concerns. This white paper introduces a novel chemical agent HydroTreat™ that addresses these issues, offering a superior alternative that benefits both users and service providers.
The CDC has reported outbreaks associated with treated recreational water in the United States from 2015 to 2019 have resulted in 208 outbreaks nationwide. Outbreaks are characterized as being caused by chemicals or waterborne pathogens. The primary pathogens responsible for these outbreaks are Cryptosporidium parasites (n=76), which resulted in 2,492 cases, and Legionella bacteria (n=65), which resulted in 13 deaths from Legionnaires’ disease5. Cryptosporidium , known for its high chlorine tolerance, caused outbreaks in pools despite proper water treatment, indicating a need for additional preventive measures1,5
Figure 1. Outbreaks associated with treated recreational water (n=208), by etiology and month – National Outbreak Reporting System, United States, 2015-20195
These include employing alternative disinfection methods to effectively reduce Cryptosporidium in water venues. On the other hand, outbreaks of Legionnaires’ disease, primarily linked to hot tubs in hospitality settings, highlight the necessity for improved water management practices. The Model Aquatic Health Code (MAHC) recommends stringent disinfection protocols, regular biofilm removal, and frequent water changes to control Legionella growth. Other technologies, such as HydroTreat™, have emerged since the CDC reporting that will be the focus of this white paper. We will discuss its simultaneous role in the enhancement of both water quality and water safety of treated recreational waters.
Public Operations
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Model Aquatic Health Code (MAHC, 5th edition)1 serves as a comprehensive voluntary guideline that can be adopted wholly or in part and adapted by local, state, territorial, or tribal jurisdictions to meet their specific needs for operations of swimming pools, hot tubs and other recreational water attractions such as splash pads. It is designed to be a resource for health departments and aquatics professionals to ensure that aquatic facilities provide safe and enjoyable recreational water environments.
While this guidance is written for public operators, private pool owners may consider these as well. Here are some key points outlined by the CDC for maintaining safe and healthy aquatic venues:\
Water Quality: Operators should maintain proper chlorine levels (1-3 parts per million for pools and at least 3 ppm for hot tubs) and bromine levels (3-8 ppm). The pH level should be kept between 7.0 and 7.8. Regular testing of water quality is crucial to ensure safety and compliance with health standards.
Operator Training: The CDC emphasizes the importance of training for pool operators, including certification programs that teach proper chemical handling and maintenance procedures.
Maintenance and Sanitation: Regular maintenance of the filtration system and periodic cleaning of the pool deck and facilities are necessary. The CDC also advises on procedures for handling fecal accidents and other contamination incidents to minimize health risks.
Record Keeping: Keeping detailed records of maintenance, chemical levels, and any incidents is another crucial aspect of pool operation recommended by the CDC.
Public Health Management: The guidelines also cover broader public health management strategies, including managing the risks of waterborne illnesses and handling pool chemical emergencies.
The MAHC emphasizes the importance of regulating filtration and disinfection practices to keep water clean and clear. This involves carefully managing chlorine levels and other sanitizers to effectively eliminate pathogens while reducing harmful byproducts. There are a few key objectives including the reduction of recreational water illnesses and the enhancement of water quality. It sets detailed standards for maintaining water quality and operating pools to guard against illnesses caused by bacteria, viruses, and parasites in contaminated water.
A key feature of HydroTreat™, which we will explore in this white paper, is its effectiveness at breaking down dangerous contaminants into non-toxic byproducts, thus enhancing water clarity and quality. This contributes to creating a safer and more enjoyable environment for aquatic activities. HydroTreat™ will play a significant role in achieving the goals outlined in the MAHC; its advanced disinfection capabilities ensure that water is not only visibly clean but also microbiologically safe, significantly lowering the risk of disease transmission.
Technology Overview: HydroTreat™ – An Advanced Oxidation Processes Agent
Description and Properties
HydroTreat™ is a synthesized advanced oxidation process (AOP) agent designed to provide broad- spectrum efficacy in water treatment. HydroTreat™ is an approved drinking water safety product approved by the UL Solutions NSF/ANSI/CAN 60 program in agreement with NSF/ASNI 223 criteria and registered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Unlike traditional chlorine-based or bromine-based treatments, this agent is formulated to work efficiently across a wide range of pH levels and temperatures, which is particularly beneficial for the varied environments of treated recreational water attractions.
HydroTreat™ is a synthesized advanced oxidation process (AOP) agent designed to provide broad- spectrum efficacy in water treatment. HydroTreat™ is an approved drinking water safety product approved by the UL Solutions NSF/ANSI/CAN 60 program in agreement with NSF/ASNI 223 criteria and registered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Unlike traditional chlorine-based or bromine-based treatments, this agent is formulated to work efficiently across a wide range of pH levels and temperatures, which is particularly beneficial for the varied environments of treated recreational water attractions.
With reduced exposure to harmful chemicals both for swimmers and pool staff, as there are fewer volatile compounds and disinfection by-products (DBPs). This contributes to a safer swimming environment with less irritation to eyes, skin, and respiratory systems. HydroTreat™ is formulated to produce fewer DBPs such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), which are common with chlorine and bromine treatments and are linked to health risks like cancer and reproductive issues4.
Pools using HydroTreat™ typically require less maintenance than conventional systems because the water quality maintenance process does not depend as heavily on mechanical parts or frequent chemical rebalancing. This solution can often be automated and integrated into existing pool systems with minimal disruption.
Mechanism of Action
HydroTreat™ works at the molecular level to effectively neutralize organic contaminants, outperforming traditional chemicals. AOPs have gained significant attention in the pool industry3. HydroTreat™ generates hydroxyl radicals (OH-), among other reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are powerful and fast-acting oxidizers naturally found in the earth’s atmosphere
These hydroxyl radicals quickly break down contaminants in pool or spa water, converting them back into harmless oxygen almost instantly. Because they are highly reactive, these radicals rapidly oxidize contaminants, breaking them into smaller, less harmful molecules, or even into carbon dioxide and water. Their swift reactivity also disrupts the cellular structures of bacteria, algae, and other pathogens, making them exceptionally effective against contaminants resistant to traditional treatments.
HydroTreat™ is a chelation of minerals with oxygen in liquid form. The molecules are purposely designed to be weakly bound together such that when it comes in contact with inorganics, microorganisms and organic matter, it readily gives off oxygen atoms that aggressively oxidize all desired contaminants. The reactivity of HydroTreat™ is closely matched to ozone but without the problems associated with dissolving a gas in water.
AOP technology is versatile, with applications ranging from treating drinking water and wastewater to industrial processes where water purity is essential. By harnessing the power of hydroxyl radicals, HydroTreat™ reduces the need for chemical disinfectants like chlorine and bromine, lowering chemical costs and minimizing the need for chemical handling.
Comparative Analysis
Chlorine and bromine are both popular choices for sanitizing swimming pools, but they serve different use cases and come with specific limitations. Alternative methods such as saltwater pools, ultraviolet sanitization (UV) and ozone are other methods that are gaining in popularity as well3. Understanding these disinfection methods, their strengths and limitations, can help in selecting the appropriate treatment for a given pool environment whether it is for a private or public pool.
Treatment Type
Use Case
Limitation
Chlorine
Chlorine is effective against a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and algae. It is suitable for both indoor and outdoor pools due to its potency and rapid action. Chlorine is generally less expensive than bromine and is widely available in various forms such as tablets, liquid, and granules, making it convenient for different pool maintenance routines. Chlorine is effective for shock treatments, which are used to quickly raise the chlorine level to eliminate algae blooms and other severe contamination.
Chlorine is less stable under UV light, which leads to a rapid decrease in sanitizer levels in outdoor pools unless stabilized forms of chlorine (e.g., dichlor or trichlor) are used. Chlorine can react with organic matter such as sweat, urine, and body oils to form chloramines, which are responsible for the typical “chlorine smell” and can cause eye and skin irritation. Chlorine’s effectiveness decreases as the pH of the pool water rises above 7.5. Regular monitoring and adjustment of water chemistry are necessary to maintain optimal sanitizing conditions.
Bromine
Bromine is typically more stable than chlorine at higher temperatures and under UV light, making it a preferred choice for hot tubs, spas, and indoor pools where UV exposure is limited. Bromine is generally less irritating to the skin and eyes compared to chlorine, which can make it a better option for pools used by individuals with sensitive skin or for therapeutic purposes. Unlike chlorine, bromine remains active even after combining with contaminants, continuing to sanitize the pool as bromamines, until it is completely used up.
Bromine is typically more expensive than chlorine, which can be a significant factor in operational budgets. Bromine does not dissipate from the water as easily as chlorine, making shock treatments with bromine less effective. Chlorine is often used for shocking bromine- treated pools. Bromine is not as widely available in different forms as chlorine and can be more difficult to handle due to its greater potential to cause chemical burns if not handled properly.
Saltwater Chlorinator
Saltwater pools convert salt to chlorine using an electrolytic cell, which means lower levels of harsh chemicals, resulting in a gentler experience on the skin and eyes. Additionally, these systems require less routine maintenance than traditional chlorine systems since they automatically generate chlorine, reducing the need for frequent manual chlorine additions. Saltwater systems produce a consistent amount of chlorine, which helps maintain a stable level of sanitization over time.
The upfront cost of installing a saltwater system can be significant, and the cells that generate chlorine from salt need to be replaced every 3-5 years, adding to the cost. Furthermore, salt can be corrosive to pool fixtures and equipment, potentially shortening the lifespan of components like ladders, liners, and even concrete surroundings. While often marketed as “chlorine-free,” saltwater pools still use chlorine as the sanitizing agent, which can still produce chloramines and require shock treatments.
UV Light Generator
UV light effectively kills bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens as water passes through the UV chamber, providing a high level of water purity without the addition of chemicals. By controlling the proliferation of microorganisms, UV systems reduce the need for high levels of chlorine, resulting in fewer by- products like chloramines. UV sterilization is a non- chemical process, making it an environmentally friendly option.
UV light only sanitizes the water that passes through the chamber, meaning there is no residual sanitizing effect in the water once it exits the chamber. Additionally, UV systems can be expensive to install and require professional installation. The UV lamps need to be regularly replaced (typically annually) to maintain their effectiveness.
Ozone Generator
Ozone is a powerful oxidizer that can kill bacteria, viruses, and break down oils and other contaminants more effectively than chlorine. Using ozone can significantly reduce the amount of chlorine or bromine needed, decreasing the potential for irritating and unhealthy by-products. Ozone helps to aggregate and precipitate particles, improving water clarity and reducing the load on the pool filter.
Like UV, ozone does not provide a residual sanitizing effect; its action is limited to the water treated within the ozone contact system. Additionally, ozone systems can be complex to install and maintain, requiring special handling and knowledge due to the hazardous nature of ozone gas. What is not as well-known is that ozone is corrosive and can degrade pool components and equipment over time, potentially leading to increased maintenance costs.
Table 1 – Strengths and limitations of commonly used swimming pool treatment technologies3,4
Case Studies
Several case studies illustrate the benefits of HydroTreat™ in real-world settings:
In a head-to-head comparison between HydroTreat™ and a salt chlorinator for pool water treatment, HydroTreat™ demonstrated superior effectiveness despite variations in pH and challenging water quality. AOP agents generate hydroxyl radicals that rapidly degrade a wide range of contaminants regardless of pH fluctuations, unlike salt chlorinators which require precise pH control for optimal chlorine generation. In water with high organic loads or other pollutants, HydroTreat™ continued to perform effectively, oxidizing materials that might inhibit chlorination processes.
This resilience not only ensures cleaner water with fewer byproducts but also translates into cost savings from reduced chemical adjustments and maintenance, making HydroTreat™ a preferable choice for pools facing water quality challenges.
Also included are two anecdotal reviews of HydroTreat in private swimming pools which saw a significant reduction in chemical costs and a significant drop in user complaints about water quality and operator maintence.
A private hot but maintained with 1-2 ounces of HydroTreat daily and 8 ounces of shock post-use kept water clear and free of HPC organisms over two-month monitoring period, despite a high average pH of 8.4 and 104˚F temperature.
Case Study #1 – Salt chlorinator in a private swimming pool
Pool Characteristics
Treatment Type
Coverage
Pool Volume (gal)
Pump Flow Rate (GPM)
2024 Monitoring Period
Salt Water Chlorinator
Covered pool
13,300
27
August-October
Control pool not using HydroTreat™, but rather a salt chlorinator covered private pool, better free and total chlorine levels but also had spikes, challenged pH (8.0-8.3), had a positive HPC growth event, No visible algae growth, sustained challenges (above recommended levels) in alkalinity, Ca hardness, CYA, and phosphate. Cost to maintain this pool is approximately $1,500 annually including chlorine (salt), stabilizer, and optimizer utilities and routine maintenance; salt/chlorine consisting of 63% of the operating cost.
Case Study #2 – HydroTreat™ in private swimming pool
Pool Characteristics
Treatment Type
Coverage
Pool Volume (gal)
Pump Flow Rate (GPM)
2024 Monitoring Period
HydroTreat™
Covered pool
29,700
63
August-November
Covered private pool, lower free and total chlorine, challenged pH (8.3-8.4), no positive HPC growth events, did have visible event of algal growth, corrected with shock dose of HydroTreat™, sustained challenges (above recommended levels) in alkalinity, Ca hardness, CYA, and phosphate. This pool was previously maintained using chlorine-based treatments, stabilizers and optimizers, but was shifted to strictly HydroTreat adhering to the prescribed treatment instructions. Previous cost to operate and maintain pool of this size using chlorine-based treatments was $790-1,500 annually including chemical treatments, utilities and routine maintenance; chlorine treatments representing ~54% of the total cost.
Case Study #3 – Anecdotal Data Review of HydroTreat™ user in a private pool
Pool Characteristics
Treatment Type
Coverage
Pool Volume (gal)
Pump Flow Rate (GPM)
2024 Monitoring Period
HydroTreat™
Covered pool
25,000
52
August-November
“As a lifelong pool owner, my experience has been bittersweet. Since childhood, I was tasked with pool maintenance, a responsibility I assumed would one day be passed to my own children. However, I continue to manage these duties myself. My disdain for this chore persisted until I discovered HydroTreat™. This product has revolutionized my pool care routine, maintaining a clear and algae-free pool even during my frequent business trips. Previously, I would return to a pool beset with algae and immediately have to rectify the issue. Now, HydroTreat™ ensures a robust chlorine residual that lasts for weeks, even without the addition of other balancing chemicals. This summer was the first in which I did not spend nearly $1,000 on pool chemicals. My weekly in-season routine now involves simply adding half a gallon (64 oz.) of HydroTreat™ to my 25,000-gallon pool and performing only minimal sweeping. This shift has transformed pool maintenance from a chore into a delight, allowing me to enjoy more pool time and less maintenance.”
Case Study #4 – Anecdotal Data Review of HydroTreat™ user in a private pool
Pool Characteristics
Treatment Type
Coverage
Pool Volume (gal)
Pump Flow Rate (GPM)
2024 Monitoring Period
HydroTreat™
Covered pool
30,000
90
August-November
“This marks our seventh summer in the San Antonio, TX region, managing a 30,000-gallon swimming pool we had installed. Lacking prior experience with pool ownership, I underestimated the extensive commitment required to maintain operational readiness, including time, labor, and financial costs. Despite no regrets about the installation, the necessity for meticulous water chemistry management—regular testing and adjustments to maintain optimal pH, alkalinity, and sanitizer levels—was an unanticipated challenge I had to rapidly adapt to.
In the demanding climate of South-Central Texas, characterized by intense heat, pollen, rainfall, and frequent usage by teenagers, the battle to prevent algae proliferation has been relentless. Typically, our pool season extends from April through October, occasionally stretching into November.
Though owning a pool is undeniably costly—with escalating expenses due to consecutive record-breaking heat each spring and summer, now averaging $1,500 to $2,000 annually on chemicals alone—the introduction of HydroTreat™ at the start of the 2024 season marked a significant improvement. Initially skeptical, I was intrigued by the prospect of replacing multiple weekly chemical treatments with a single, weekly application of this product. The results have been remarkable, transforming labor-intensive pool maintenance into a matter of minutes per week, maintaining algae-free, crystal-clear water.
My routine now includes applying 1 ounce of HydroTreat™ per 1,000 gallons of water weekly, alongside regular filter cleaning and debris removal from skimmers and baskets, with continued weekly water testing. This regimen has ensured sustained water stability and clarity, without the typical chlorine odor or complaints of green-tinged hair. A neighbor, employed in the spa manufacturing industry, recently remarked on the exceptional clarity of my pool, comparing it to a sparkling diamond, prompting a discussion about my simplified maintenance routine with HydroTreat™. This positive experience has not only alleviated previous frustrations but has also led me to consider expanding our recreational water facilities to include a hot tub.”
Case Study 5 – HydroTreat™ in a private hot tub spa
Hot Tub Spa Characteristics
Treatment Type
Coverage
Hot Tub Volume (gal)
Pump Flow Rate (GPM)
2024 Monitoring Period
HydroTreat™
Covered pool
575
10 (no jets) 240 (w/jets)
November – December
Over a two-month period, a private hot tub was maintained with an average of 1-2 ounces of HydroTreat™ treatment per day and 8 ounces of shock treatment after each use has shown remarkable results. Despite an elevated pH averaging at 8.4 and an average temperature of 104°F, the water has consistently remained clear and free from heterotrophic plate count (HPC) organisms at weekly monitoring checkpoints. This indicates that the treatment regimen, although with a higher than typical pH, has been effective in controlling microbial growth and maintaining water clarity under these conditions.
Discussion
HydroTreat™ offers a significant advantage for recreational pool and hot tub spa water treatment by overcoming the limitations associated with pH and temperature that affect conventional methods like chlorination.
HydroTreat™ works by generating highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (•OH), which can oxidize contaminants rapidly and effectively, regardless of the water’s pH or temperature. This means that pool operators do not need to constantly adjust chemical levels to maintain efficacy, which simplifies maintenance and reduces the need for frequent chemical testing and adjustments.
Additionally, AOPs such as HydroTreat™ can destroy chloramines and other disinfection byproducts, which are often the cause of irritation for swimmers, thereby enhancing the swimming experience without the need for excessive chlorine. This not only leads to healthier water quality but also results in cost savings due to lower chemical use, reduced maintenance labor, and less frequent water replacement Furthermore, by minimizing chemical usage, AOPs contribute to environmental benefits through reduced chemical discharge into wastewater systems. The initial investment in AOP systems might be higher, but the long-term operational costs are significantly lower, making it a financially attractive option over time.
HydroTreat™ Applications
HydroTreat™ as an AOP, offers a superior alternative to conventional pool treatment methods by providing more effective contaminant control, reducing chemical use and associated health risks, and potentially lowering long-term operational costs. HydroTreat™ does not require specialized equipment to deploy, but is simply added to the swimming pool or hot tub water.
Swimming Pool Water Disinfection
For a new pool or spring start-up, super chlorinate with 52 to 104 oz. of product for each 10,000 gallons of water to yield 5 to 10 ppm available chlorine by weight. Check the level of available chlorine with a test kit. Adjust and maintain pool water pH to between 7.2 to 7.6. Adjust and maintain the alkalinity of the pool to between 50 to 100 ppm.
To maintain the pool, add manually or by a feeder device 11 oz. of this product for each 10,000 gallons of water to yield an available chlorine residual between 0.6 to 1.0 ppm by weight. Stabilized pools should maintain a residual of 1.0 to 1.5 ppm available chlorine. Test the pH, available chlorine residual and alkalinity of the water frequently with appropriate test kits. Frequency of water treatment will depend upon temperature and number of swimmers
Every 7 days, or as necessary, super chlorinate the pool with 52 to 104 oz. of product for each 10,000 gallons of water to yield 5 to 10 ppm available chlorine by weight. Check the level of available chlorine with a test kit. Reentry into treated pools is prohibited at levels above 4 ppm due to risk of bodily harm.
At the end of the swimming pool season or when water is to be drained from the pool, chlorine must be allowed to dissipate from treated pool water before discharge. Do not chlorinate the pool within 24 hours prior to discharge.
Winterizing Pools
While water is still clear and clean, apply 3 oz. of product per 1000 gallons, while filter is running, to obtain a 3.0 ppm available chlorine residual, as determined by a suitable test kit. Cover pool, prepare heater, filter, and heater components for winter, by following manufacturers’ instructions.
Spas/Hot Tubs
Apply 5 oz. of product per 1000 gallons of water to obtain a free available chlorine concentration of 5 ppm, as determined by a suitable chlorine test kit. Adjust and maintain pool water pH to between 7.2 and 7.8. Some oils, lotions, fragrances, cleaners, etc. may cause foaming or cloudy water as well as reduce the efficiency of the product. Re-entry into treated spas/hot tubs is prohibited at levels above 5 ppm due to risk of bodily harm.
To maintain the water, apply 5 oz. of product per 1000 gallons of water over the surface to maintain a chlorine concentration of 5 ppm. After each use, shock treat with 8 oz. of this product per 500 gallons of water to control odor and algae. Re-entry into treated spas/hot tubs is prohibited at levels above 5 ppm due to risk of bodily harm. During extended periods of disuse, add 3 oz. of product daily per 1000 gallons of water to maintain a 3 ppm chlorine concentration.
Industry Implications
The introduction of HydroTreat™ in the swimming pool market could significantly shift industry standards and practices. By offering potentially superior disinfection capabilities, this chemical could reduce health risks associated with inadequate pool sanitation, such as outbreaks of waterborne diseases. Moreover, if the product is environmentally friendlier or offers enhanced user safety compared to traditional chlorine-based products, it could meet the growing consumer demand for sustainable and less hazardous options. This shift could also stimulate innovation within the industry, prompting competitors to develop and improve their own products to maintain market share.
From a regulatory perspective, the advent of a new disinfectant could lead to changes in health and safety standards and protocols for swimming pool maintenance. This would impact not just pool operators but also regulatory bodies and health inspectors who would need to adjust guidelines and training to accommodate the use of this new treatment. Additionally, the supply chain dynamics could be affected, with new partnerships and supplier relationships formed to support the production and distribution of the novel disinfectant, potentially altering the competitive landscape of the pool maintenance market.
Challenges and Considerations
Market Resistance
The introduction of HydroTreat™ in the swimming pool market faces potential resistance primarily due to the established trust and familiarity pool and hot tub operators and consumers have with current disinfection products like chlorine. There are also stringent regulatory standards and environmental concerns to navigate. Stakeholders may be hesitant to adopt a new product without clear, demonstrable benefits over existing solutions, such as improved safety profiles, cost-effectiveness, or enhanced efficacy against pathogens. Additionally, the introduction of a new chemical requires rigorous testing and verification to meet industry standards and gain approval from health and safety regulators, which can be a lengthy and costly process.
To overcome market resistance, it will be crucial to provide comprehensive data supporting the novel disinfectant’s benefits, including its safety, efficiency, and environmental impact compared to traditional methods. Effective marketing strategies that include educational campaigns, demonstrations, and pilot programs can help in showcasing the value and potential advantages of the new product. Building partnerships with respected industry leaders and obtaining endorsements from professional associations can also play a vital role in gaining market acceptance and trust among potential users.
Regulatory Hurdles
While currently compliant with UL Solutions NSF/ANSI/CAN 60 programs in agreement with NSF/ASNI 223 criteria and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), ongoing research and adaptations may be necessary to stay ahead of regulatory changes. Partnerships with regulatory bodies will help ensure the agent continues to meet all standards.
Future Directions and Technology Enhancements
Innovations in AOP Technology: Potential future improvements and new market trends.
Adaptation of HydroTreat™ as an acute shock treatment for recreational water in the event that a pool’s condition requires such treatment.
HydroTreat™ feeders based on IoT water quality sensor feedback for a fully automated experience.
Examine HydroTreat™ activity against Cryptosporidium spp. as the leading waterborne pathogen in treated recreational water for outbreaks. HydroTreat has not yet been examined against these well-known chlorine resistant organisms such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia.
Deploy HydroTreat™ applications into public pool and hot tub environments, which have greater patron utilization and thus greater variability of contaminants.
Conclusion
HydroTreat™ presents a promising advancement in pool and hot tub spa maintenance, addressing the core needs of safety, efficiency, environmental impact and cost savings. As the industry looks to adopt more sustainable and cost-effective practices, this agent stands out as a key innovator.
